Male Dominance Over Women Traced Back to Roman Times :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Male Dominance Traced Back to Roman TimesWomen atomic number 18 enigmatic. Their complexity is unpatterned in their actually anatomy at least it was according to Plato. Therefore, as what is alien is often feared and what is feared is often subject to aggression, perhaps the men of Rome act to dominate women in every facet of life because they feared the possibility of women usurping power. Gender, as suggested by Womens Life in Greece and Rome and Elite Male Identity in the Roman Empire, is not anatomy but power. Yet how can one be more powerful than an unknown entity? Men can only try for to dominate a species they do not even understand through carefully crafted treatises on anatomy, laws, education, and the unbreakable chains of culture and tradition. Plato boldly states that women are barely underdeveloped men. He does this through the argument that blood creates heat in the organic structure and heat sustains and strengthens the body so, because women lose blood through regular menstruation, women are cold and therefore weak. Moreover, women are created through a deficiency of heat in conception (qtd. in Lefkowitz et al. 228). Plato asserts that because all concoction works by content of heat and some of the bodys parts are principles (qtd. in Lefkowitz et al. 229), a lack of heat will affect concoction which will, in turn, affect a principle body part. This is crucial to the development of the body as once a principle has been moved (i.e. changed), many of the parts which cohere with it must of necessity change as well (qtd. in Lefkowitz et al. 229). Therefore, no heat in concoction, or conception, creates a woman, and a woman, subsequently, has no heat in her body. Plato reinforces his theory of heats effect on the body with observations of other body parts. For example, humans go bald on the front part of their head only because, the brain is there (qtd. in Lefkowitz et al. 229), and the brains fluid absorbs the very little heat necessary for hair to exist. Women cannot go bald, on the other hand, because they are incapable of creating the most heated substance that the body can issue seminal secretions (qtd. in Lefkowitz et al. 229). This argument makes logical sense within its own confines, and Plato is able to successfully defend his assertion that a woman is as it were an aseptic male (qtd.

Desires for freedom :: essays research papers fc

Desire for Freedom and Desire for Limitations on FreedomPeople have the liking for freedom as well as a desire for limitations on their freedom. Freedom and the limitations on freedom argon both needed to live peacefully. positive freedom cannot be achieved because when you take away limitations you take away a freedom. With out conventions governing our society, people would be able to do what they want to all(prenominal) other with out fear of punishment. An examination of the advantages and disadvantages of both arguments helps this become cle arer.One of the major reasons freedom is so desirable is because many of the limitations on freedom are disallowing humans the right to have control over their bodies. Control of the human body is the only thing that people have power over. A fully grown number of the prohibited freedoms are crimes where the criminal makes himself the victim. For example, the use of drugs, prostitution, suicide, vagrancy, minor in possession, dodging t he draft, entering the country illegally, and disregard for the age limits set on the get of pornographic materials. All of these crimes are punishable under the law. These crimes are set apart from most others because the person willingly chooses to victimize themselves (An exception can be made sometimes in the case of prostitution if they are being forced to prostitute against there own will). What people choose to do to themselves, in my opinion, is the least of our worries as a country. The last thing the government should have control over is what you choose to do to yourself. As long as you are not directly harming anyone else in the process, the government should not waste their time and money on something that is so trivial in comparison to crimes involving a victim. In general, people do not agree with the government controlling what they can and cannot do to themselves. It should be no ones decision but the people if they want to be homeless, drug addicted, or a prostitu te. As long as the only damage done affects the self.These laws only exist in response to popular demand. An huge amount of money, time and labor goes to waste dealing with these types of crimes. It would be a lot more productive and profitable to let people have rule over what they do to our bodies. There is no reason why we need to put this much energy into people who will rid of themselves for us.

Catcher in the Rye Essay: Holden Caulfield - A Nice Kid in a Cruel World :: Catcher Rye Essays

Holden Caulfield - A Nice Kid in a Cruel World Over the years, members of the literary community confuse critiqued just about every author they could go away their pen on. One of the most popular novels to be critiqued has been J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye. In favorable critiques, Holden Caulfield is a good guy stuck in a bad world. He is trying to make the best of his life, though ultimately losing that battle. Whereas he aims at stability and truth, the vainglorious world cannot survive without suspense and lies. It is a testament to his innocence and decent spirit that Holden would place the safety of children as a goal in his lifetime. This serves to only when re-iterate the fact that Holden is a sympathetic character, a person of high moral values who is too weak to pick himself up from a difficult situation. S.N. Behrman, in his review for The New Yorker, also took a sharp look at Holdens personality. Behrman found Caulfield to be very self-critical, as he ofte n refers to himself as a terrible liar, a madman, and a moron. Holden is driven crazy by phoniness, an idea under which he lumps insincerity, snobbery, injustice, callousness, and a lot more. He is a prodigious worrier, and mortal who is moved to pity quite often. Behrman wrote Grown men sometimes find the emblazoned obscenities of life too much for them, and leave this world indecorously, so the fact that a 16-year old boy is overwhelmed should not be surprising (71). Holden is also labeled as curious and compassionate, a true moral idealist whose attitude comes from an tearing hatred of hypocrisy. The novel opens in a doctors office, where Holden is recuperating from physical illness and a mental breakdown. In Holdens fight with Stradlater, his roommate, he reveals his moral ideals he fears his roommates sexual motives, and he values children for their sincerity and innocence, seeking to protect them from the phony adult society. Jane Gallagher and Allie, the younger brother of Holden who died at age 11, represent his everlasting symbols of goodness (Davis 317). A ingeminate by Charles Kegel seems to adequately sum up the fusss of Holden Caulfield Like Stephen Dedalus of James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man,Caulfield is in search of the Word. His problem is one of communication as a teenager, he simply cannot get through to the adult world which surrounds him as a sensitive teenager, he cannot get through others of his own age (54).

Blind Conformity: Malcolm X :: essays research papers

Blind Conformity Malcolm XIn todays world it is often thorny to adjust to one type oflifestyle or another. The constant bombardment of outside opinions hamper ourability, as humans, to choose and be comfortable with a original way of living.Our way of living may consist of a look, a way of thinking, a religion, or anyfacet of our personalities that may not adapt with whatever is the norm or theaccepted at a given time. When this is the case, we sometimes feel forced tochange, thus we are susceptible to art conformity. The pronounce conformity comesfrom the Latin words con, which means with or together, and forma, which meansto shape or mold. Therefore, blind conformity is actually a molding ofourselves together with what is state to be normal in society instead of usingour differences to enhance ourselves as humans. Known for having strongopinions, Malcolm X seems to be an unlikely victim of blind conformity. However,as shown in his essay, My First Conk, Malcolm X, in fact, was victimized by thismalignant disease. Straightening black hair, though, is just one impulse thatis bought on by blind conformity. ever-changing ones self to look or behave likeanother because it is more desired by the public is due to a disregarding of ones self-claimed ethics and values, an over emphasis of the media and outsideopinions, and an insecurity which most of us unfortunately have.In My First Conk, Malcolm X assured that black people were creation persuade to believe that they actually were inferior to white people, thusthey conked their hair. They were, essentially, giving up what they werefighting for as far as civil rights- the right to be who they were and also beaccepted by society. Therefore, the conking of their hair was a hypocrisy and acontradiction of all their morals and values. Blind conformity caused them todisregard their strongest beliefs which should be the most powerful drivingforces in all of our lives. If we can not depend on our own morals and value s,our engines, to dictate our lives, we are simply empty vehicles being pusheddown lifes roads. Especially in todays society, there is a dire over emphasisof the media. Television and other types of media display certain lifestyles andideas and then the public automatically conforms. Having the media, which issomething so optional, control us is a reprehensible sacrilege. It isimperative that we learn to either admire or dislike an idea without feeling theneed to exhaust ourselves so fully into it.

European History - Was the French Revolution Preventable? :: European Europe History

Was the French Revolution Preventable?The French Revolution was a major transformation of the union and political trunk of France, lasting from 1789 to 1799. During the course of the Revolution, France was changed from an absolute monarchy, to a republic of supposedly equal and free citizens. The effects of the French Revolution were widespread, both inside and outside of France, and wedge all of Europe. At times the outcome of revolt led to social change and at times it just led to unnecessary bloodshed. Was this revolution fatal? Was there something different that the government or people could have through to prevent the horrible atrocities of The Reign of Terror under Robespierre and his men? There be clear social, economic and political changes that could have been made too prevent this revolution from occurring when it did. However, although the government could have postponed this revolution, it was also somewhat inevitable, because of the great differences in the society of the peasants and the nobles divided the entire society. The government was also just trying to make too many things right at the wrong time and this is why they could possibly have not avoided the French Revolution. Economically, many changes could have been made in the way that would have prevented such anger a boost from the people. However, there are also a few problems that could not have been avoided. Economic decline in the 1770s may have frustrated some bourgeois in their rise to power and wealth, and rising bread prices just before the Revolution certainly increased dissatisfaction among workers and peasants. France also suffered from harsh economic problems. Poor farm harvests by farmers hurt the economy, and trade rules from the gist Ages still survived, making trade difficult. At this time, the gap between the rich and the poor was becoming greater, with the poor becoming poorer, and the rich becoming richer. A telephone exchange bank was nowhere to be found, there was no paper currency and in general, taxes were becoming greater for the peasants. In this economically challenged society what could have been done to change all of these economic problems from the beginning? One of the major problems that the government should have dealt with long ago is the use of the funds that they did have. Under rulers in the then(prenominal) such as Louis the XIV, poor economic decisions were made. Louis the XIV did not invest wisely, he used major funds in trade and exploration causes that were not gaining the French anything, but they continued to invest in.

European History - Was the French Revolution Preventable? :: European Europe History

Was the french Revolution Preventable?The French Revolution was a major transformation of the society and political system of France, indestructible from 1789 to 1799. During the course of the Revolution, France was repositiond from an absolute monarchy, to a republic of supposedly equal and free citizens. The effects of the French Revolution were widespread, both inside and outside of France, and impacted altogether of Europe. At times the outcome of revolt led to social change and at times it just led to unnecessary bloodshed. Was this revolution inevitable? Was in that location something different that the government or people could support done to prevent the horrible atrocities of The Reign of Terror under Robespierre and his men? There are assimilate social, economic and political changes that could have been made too prevent this revolution from occurring when it did. However, although the government could have postponed this revolution, it was also somewhat inevitable, because of the great differences in the society of the peasants and the nobles divide the entire society. The government was also just trying to make too many things right at the wrong time and this is why they could possibly have not avoided the French Revolution. Economically, many changes could have been made in the way that would have prevented much(prenominal) anger arising from the people. However, there are also a hardly a(prenominal) problems that could not have been avoided. Economic decline in the 1770s may have frustrated some bourgeois in their rise to power and wealth, and rising dent prices just before the Revolution certainly increased dissatisfaction among workers and peasants. France also suffered from harsh economic problems. Poor farm harvests by farmers hurt the economy, and trade rules from the Middle Ages liquid survived, making trade difficult. At this time, the gap between the rich and the poor was becoming greater, with the poor becoming poorer, and th e rich becoming richer. A central imprecate was nowhere to be found, there was no paper currency and in general, taxes were becoming greater for the peasants. In this economically challenged society what could have been done to change all of these economic problems from the beginning? One of the major problems that the government should have dealt with long ago is the use of the funds that they did have. Under rulers in the past such as Louis the XIV, poor economic decisions were made. Louis the XIV did not invest wisely, he used major funds in trade and exploration causes that were not gaining the French anything, but they continued to invest in.

Organizational Effectiveness

Organizational Effectiveness Researchers analyzing what CEOs and managers do have pointed to control, innovation, and efficiency as the three most important cognitive processes managers use to assess and measure how effective they, and their compositions, argon at creating value (L. Galambos, 1988). Control is essential over the external and intragroup environment by knowing what the demand for a business is. A irradiation to help make these decisions with control is to conduct a trend analysis. An analysis will reveal patterns be it intrinsic or external of an organization.To identify menstruation patterns along with the status of the organization managers atomic number 18 able to determine how to restructure the business in or to produce product or assistances in the most efficient way possible. This may include adding additional skills, technologies, or current assets to the current workforce anything that will produce the best output of an organization in the most efficie nt way. An organization must be innovative when introducing their product or services to the market.This may require management to demand foundation changes to the organization by improving or changing processes, advertising, and just acquire the capability to adjust to any environment the organization has to confront be it internal or external. An organization does not need to use the three methods to assess and measure organizations effectiveness it would depend on what needs attention, but it is always sizeable for an organization to know the health of their organization pertaining to the three measures. display board 1 (Jones. , 2010) L-3 communications. Revenue Over $5 bil. Employees Over 10,000 Fortune 1000, Fortune 500, Russell 3000 Industry Aerospace & self-denial , Consumer Electronics , Consumer Goods , Manufacturing SIC Codes 3663 NAICS Codes 334220 L-3 is a prime contractor in Command, Control, Communications, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C3ISR) sys tems, aircraft modernization and maintenance, and national security solutions. L-3 is also a leading leave aloner of a broad range of electronic systems used on military and commercial platforms.Our customers include the U. S. Department of Defense and its prime contractors, U. S. Government intelligence agencies, the U. S. Department of country of origin Security, U. S. Department of State, U. S. Department of Justice, tout ensembleied foreign governments, domestic and foreign commercial customers and select other U. S. federal, state and local government agencies (Company Profile, 2013). Currently L-3s disturbance is to operate in an efficient manner to maintain and increase their target market.L-3s similar companies are Raytheon Company, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Northrop Grumman Corporation, and The Boeing Company. They are giants in their field and are companies that are veterans to the profession. With a majority of veteran companies, the challenges are similar with L-3 the continually changing environment. Example the changing technology, changing target markets causes the reluctance of change in the internal cultures of these large companies and L-3 is not immune to this challenge.The best approach to use for L-3 is the metrics that would help improve organisational effectiveness. This is the internal system approach see Table 1 (Jones. , 2010) . This method includes improving the communication process mingled with the levels of management. Elevate problems in a timely manner to upper management. The internal health of the ships company is beneficial information ( be it negative or positive) quickens decision-making process which in turn allows the organization to continue with planed processes.One of the main issues to correct is the workforce to shift into victimisation new tools, processes, and just looking at the organizations requirements differently for the organization is changing, nothing is consistent with change. This constant chan ge without training causes decrease in motivation, create conflicts and surely prevents L-3s output to its market, and in the end a delay in output to the market does disrupts the external environments. Thus, processes need to be re-evaluated and restructured.Replacing the aging tools with current tools results in a streamline and automates processes. The Benefits of Process Automation Improved Efficiency. Many business processes span systems, departments, or even external business partners. Manual effort, poor hand-offs between departments or partners, and the general inability to monitor overall progress results is a significant waste for most processes. Process automation eliminates or significantly reduces these problems with a resultant reduction in labor hours, time span, and increased throughput.Increased Productivity. By automating processes that are currently being implemented manually, individuals can work more expeditiously and can take on new or additional workloads. P rocess automation allows us to rise to the challenge of being asked to do more with less. Shorter pass Times. Time is money. By automating processes, they are kept moving, hand-offs are facilitated, consistency is assured, and cycle times to complete the process are shortened. Getting the product or service to the end user or to market quicker can result in significant financial benefits.Consistent Process Implementation. Consistency comes from having a documented process that is understood and followed every time. Process automation makes the process easy to understand and enforces adherence to the process steps. This eliminates missed steps often found in manual processes, resulting in consistent, reliable measures that assist in making decisions and implementing process improvements. Corporate Governance and Compliance. Process compliance, regulatory compliance, and corporate governance are ever increase in importance.Organizations must demonstrate consistency and show that effe ctive controls and business monitors are in place to ensure processes are sound and will provide financial accountability, visibility, and reduce risk and fraud. Process automation can help your company with compliance issues surrounding regulations like the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Combined Code for Corporate Governance, Bilanz Reform, and more. disobedience or lack of adequate controls can cost your company big-time.Process automation ensures your processes are followed as they are laid out. Ability to Quickly Implement Change. another(prenominal) benefit of automated process is that the reliable, consistent information provided can enable you to recognize the need for change or improvement apace and then be able to make that change and put it into effect in a faster and more controlled manner than you could with a manual process. The ability to change quickly provides an important business advantage. Improved Customer Service andSatisfaction. Customers are much more satisfied when th ey receive timely, top quality products and services. Process automation enables you to seduce consistency into your products and services, facilitate continuous improvement, and get the product or service to your customer faster. Happy customers are repeat customers. Reduced Costs and Improved Profits. tout ensemble of the above benefits result in direct bottom-line results of reduced costs, ability to take on more work, and improved profitability.All things any company is seeking (A. Moudry, 2013). To establish organizational effectiveness, management L-3 needs to focus on structuring their workforce, internal employee management systems, and the organization and abilities (including the organizational culture) to the plan. This is a crucial point to any strategy and engagement from all involved dictates whether organizational effectiveness, management is a success. References A. Moudry, J. (2013, March 16). Real Benefits of Automated Processes.Retrieved from NEXTGENPINEW. COM h ttp//www. nextgenpinews. com/files/Real%20Benefits%20of%20Automated%20Processes. pdf Company Profile. (2013, March 14). Retrieved from L-3 http//www. l-3com. com/about-l-3/company-profile. html Jones. , G. R. (2010). The Organization and Its Environment. In G. R. Jones. , Organizational Theory, Design, and Change, sixth Edition. Prentice Hall. Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. L. Galambos. (1988). What Have CEOs Been Doing? . Journal of Economic History, 18, 243258.

Comparison Between E-Business and Traditional Business

INTRODUCTION Electronic Business (E-Business) is a perplexing practice due to the numerous aspects it involves. In forthwiths rapidly changing environment, organizations adopt E-Business to respond to several byplay drivers. The progressions of the macro-environments are creating innovative business environments, in which E-Business is depended a normal practice. This paper attempts to theoretical account the business environment and evaluate its competitive characteristics by comparing the handed-downistic business with E-Business. Kreplin.K, et al (2000), identified Reality and Virtuality terms these terms differentiates traditional business from E-Business. According to Kreplin. K, et al (2000), E-Business is based on a virtual (digital) business process with a virtual agent, and virtual product. Traditional Business is a physiological business process with respect to the macro-environments. The macro-environment components can influence the modality entrepreneurs use the internet to coordinate export businesses. Analysis of the macro-environment comprises of cultural, economic, competition, political and legal factors that affect the way business transactions are made today.CULTURAL CHALLENGES In the cultural dimension, traditional business entrepreneurs leave alone face a major challenge. In this case, infrastructure comprise is what worries traditional businesses of today. As opposed to E-businesses, online business transactions incur stripped-down cost (Robertson. B & Sribar. V, n. d. ). Whereas, traditional businesses volition have to incur a substantive amount of cost in order to remain competitive in the market. This is due to the fact that there is a paradigm shift towards a more than innovative market alongside the consumers.Through the report it is assured that in the long term infrastructure cost will be the key obstacle for traditional entrepreneurs as newer technological innovations take place (Robertson. B & Sribar. V, n. d. ). Op posing to the traditional method of business, E-businesses also have their share of cultural challenges. Firstly, entrepreneurs will experience a win over in the nature of workforce (Parreiras. F , n. d. ). According to Heerwagen. J, Kelly. K, Kampschroer. K (2010), the structure of work is now more cognitively complex, team-based, nd time pressured. This attempt causes entrepreneurs to be more competitive. Secondly, there is resistance to change when an organization moves towards adopting E-business (Parreiras. F, n. d. ). In a research done by Ahmed. Z and et al. (2006), it was determined that the resistance to change will cripple the organization. Thus, it is important for the entrepreneurs to adapt to rigid cultures. ECONOMIC CHALLENGES In the aspect of economy, the nations currency plays a vital role. Thus, it also poses as an obstacle for traditional businesses.In areas of importing and exporting, entrepreneurs need a mutually agreed upon currency (e. g. U. S dollar) due to different payment methods. Furthermore, being sensitive towards interchange rates of currencies is vital as it will affect the buying decisions (Kavas. F, 2011). As compared to E-business transactions, the fluctuation in currency is harder to depict thus, becoming a challenge for traditional businesses. On the other hand, E-businesses also experiences economic challenges. Firstly, the free entry into the digital market will be a problem for entrepreneurs.As there are minimal barriers to entry, it would mean that E-businesses are operating in a highly competitive market whereby competitive advantage is almost impossible as highlighted by M. Hassan & E. Harris (2007). With this close competition among entrepreneurs the issue of imitation of products will arise. As described in the related research paper, it was revealed that a massive amount of imitation took place as it was a cost effective method to most entrepreneurs. Therefore, it becomes an obstacle for E-business entrepreneurs . COMPETITIONWhen it comes to traditional businesses, entrepreneurs will definitely face competition. One major factor that entrepreneurs have to consider while exporting their products is the difference in time partitions. An article written by Henricks. M (2006) explains that the time zone differences will cause a solidifying of difficulty in terms of decision making, planning shipment, organizing logistics and more. As opposed to E-business, E-business have online softwares that enables smooth communication through digital platforms regardless of time zone differences.For E-business entrepreneurs, the first challenge here is the difficulty to obtain capital large enough for any ventures. This includes the research and development needed for the product. In the report Managing cosmopolitan operations & Communications with Information Technology (2007), it was highlighted that many venture capitalist will incur higher risk with large sums of capital. This is because there is hig h perplexity of success for entrepreneurs to compete in an open market environment. In addition, another factor arises which is also known to be labour market exuberance.This is described as an irrational competition that arose with the increasing need of technical skills (e. g. software programming). Therefore, firms will likely experience a short supply of skilled workers (Wright. P & Lee. D , 2000). POLITICAL & LEGAL CHALLENGES In the area of political and legal, there is a major concern of the countrys policy for traditional businesses. Entrepreneurs need to deport by both the local and the other countrys laws and regulations while selecting to export goods over. This is due to several laws are made according to the countrys culture and beliefs (Kavas.F, 2011). For instance, products that contain pork are restricted in Islamic countries due to their religious beliefs. Apart from that, there is an essential concern of the security and silence of E-businesses (Parreiras. F, n. d. ). A research on Security and Trust in E-Business by Valmurugan,M. S (2009) discussed the unawareness of E-business transactions and the degree of confidentiality of E-business transactions. Without the trust of consumers, entrepreneurs in the E-business line will be facing serious competition to obtain their share of the market.Another major concern is the organization regulations. The government needs to play a role to harbor the consumers against unfair and deceptive trading especially when it comes to Internet banking (Kay. A, Hafeez. K & Siddiqi. J, n. d. ). Therefore, this would become a small obstacle for E-business entrepreneurs as they need to adhere closely to government policies. CONCLUSION This research paper covered numeral aspects of traditional businesses and E-businesses with respect to the macro-environmental challenges faced by the entrepreneurs.Because we live in a rapid changing environment, businesses will continuously face multiple challenges. The traditio nal way of business may have been successful in the past, but now is the time for change. E-business enables organizations to reach orbiculate markets thus, crossing borders with less restraint from trade barriers. Evidently illustrated by Fleenor. C & Raven. P (n. d. ), the adoption rate of internet is growing tremendously and that governments of international countries recognises much(prenominal) growth hence, promoting it as well within their country (e. . E-government). Although there may be areas that E-business is a challenging area to pursue however, without such obstacles businesses will never revolutionalize. Therefore, it goes to show how businesses have evolved over the decades. Business entrepreneurs need to be more innovative as traditional business will soon be uncompetitive. 1,111 lecture Reference List Ahmed, Z. et al. (2006)RESISTANCE TO CHANGE AND ERP IMPLEMENTATION SUCCESS THE MODERATING ROLE OF CHANGE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES. online Available at http//web. usm. my/aamj/11. . 2006/AAMJ%2011-2-1. pdf Accessed 26/9/2012. Fleenor,, C. and Raven, P. (n. d. )Barriers To impelling E-Business In Developing Countries. online Available at http//www. google. com. my/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CC0QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcluteonline. com%2Fjournals%2Findex. php%2FIBER%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F3912%2F3957&ei=dTRlULXHAcnlrAeTuICgDg&usg=AFQjCNFo3MqMmHHbqbtHGpyGH9MPiLUQhA&sig2=NnGIv4mCofIkSx211W9PVw Accessed 28/9/2012. Hassan, M. and Harris, E. 2009)Entrepreneurship and innovation in e-commerce. online Available at http//www. journalamme. org/papers_vol32_1/32114. pdf Accessed 25/9/2012. Heerwagen, J. et al. (2010)The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace. online Available at http//www. wbdg. org/resources/chngorgwork. php Accessed 26/9/2012. HENRICKS,M . (2006)How Time Zones accept Global Businesses. online Available at http//www. entrepreneur. com/article/160228 Accessed 28/9/2012. Kay, A. et al. (n. d. )AN EMP IRICAL STUDY OF THE KEY DRIVERS AND

The Head vs. the Heart

The Head Vs.. The Heart The sounds of tools and chains clink and Jingle not too far move out Slaves are in the fenced off field picking the soft cotton from the dry earth. The dust coming from the path that leads from the big, white house to the field gets picked up in gusts of wind devising them squint their eyes. The owners of the house are chatting and laughing on their dusty porch sipping on their tea while their children play tag and hide-and-go-seek with each other on the snoop below.The sun Is beating wad on them with Intermittent periods of shade from the passing clouds blocking the suns harsh rays. To the left, there Lies the Millponds river. The water calmly passes by. Carrying branches and logs that slowly drift down the river passing quacking ducks swimming to keep from the heat. Hanging over the cool, dark water are willow trees that one could lie under peacefully in the shade. It is liquid there and is the perfect place to unwind and forget all the worries of the day.This mixed setting is something that is easily seen in Mark Twains book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huckleberry Finn does not need d suave place Eke that to get to thinking slightly his day, his upcoming decisions, his past choices, and his life In general. He constantly thinks about what Is right and what Is molest, but In his society, there are often conflicting answers, the things his head tells him to do, which Is what society tells him, and the things that his heart tells him, the Ramirez 2 things that he believes to be right.Mark Twain satires d society that forces d child to go to hell In order to do what Is morally right. Husks caretakers wanted Heck to be well educated, go to church, and check out about the bell_ Ironically, he never found anything interesting. When the widow woman Douglas tried to learned _him about Moses and the Bulrushes and He was in a sweat to find out all about him, he found out that Moses had been a coarse long time, so then He di dnt care no more about him because He dont take no stock in dead people (cal).Heck wanted to learn about religion, but he could never bring himself too it because of his lack of Interest. He also did not believe In It because Miss Watson told him that whatever he prayed for, he would get. But It warrant so. Hell tried It. Hell tried for the hooks three or four runes, but somehow Hell couldnt snitch It work (chi). Heck viewed the slaves In a different light. He did not Just see them as objects to be owned and sold. He knew he could not do whatever he pleased with them because to him, unlike the majority of socio, they were actual people with feelings and emotions.When Jim ran way from Miss Watson, even though Heck knew him to be most ruined for a servant, because he got stuck up on account of having seen the devil and been rode by witches (chi en still gave him a chance and treated m as t en were anyone else to go along with him on his adventures. He believes what he is told unt il he finds that it actually is not the case. Even though the rest of society wanted him to and would have dour Jim in, Husks kind heart told him that the people were wrong and to do what he thought was morally right.Authority was also a challenge for young Huckleberry. He disobeys his father which is a young boys largest role model as well as authority figure. Pap tells him to look heremind Ramirez 3 how Heck talks to Him He is a-standing about all He can stand now so dont game no sass (chi) because Heck wan not giving his father the respect that he deserved. When Heck ran away, he knew he was going against his fathers wishes, but did not care that he was going against authority because he was following what his heart was telling him to do.Throughout the book, Heck knows what is right and hat is wrong according to the world he lives in, but according to him, Whats the use you learning to do right, when its troublesome to do right and anti no trouble to do wrong, and the wages is Just the same? (chic). It was difficult in that time period to distinguish the difference between true right and wrong, but Heck broke the standardised and questioned what he knew in order to do what he found to be the truly right way. Works Cited Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. De. Thomas Nash. New York Penguin, Ltd. , 1985. Print

How far do you agree that the death of Lennie is inevitable? Essay

There are many factors, throughout the novel Of Mice and men that collar to the death of Lennie. These factors alike lead to how the book is structured. The objective of John Steinbeck, who wrote this book, was to convey fragility of life in the 1930s in the area of Salinas. The Scottish poet Robbie Burns wrote a poem including the line The best laid plans of mice and men / Gang aft a-gley. This poem is nigh a mouse, whose home is ruined by a farmer ploughing a field. The mouse then dies oer the winter, having no protection. This is a literary allusion, as Burns mouse parallels George and Lennies day-dream, which inevitably will never be achieved. This also reflects Lennies life, as inevitably, he will die, and this is also implied through details and events throughout the novelette, such as through the death of Curleys dog. There are also numerous factors that lead to Lennies death within the plot.The writer presents Lennie as a share in the novel who is colossal and is phys ically strong but as seen mentally he is totally opposite. In the novel, he appears to be immature and infantile He heard Lennies whimpering cry and wheeled about. Blubberin like a baby? Lennies lip quivered and tears started in his eyes. This quote suggests that Lennie holds a callow behaviour, which also contributes towards his immaturity. This also leads him to be substantially dependent on George. In fact George particularly appears to be an essential requirement for Lennie as a caretaker who piece of tail look after him and keep him out of misgiving. This is evident in the text as George says, You aint gonna get in no trouble now, Lennie. just if you do, hide in the brush till I come for you. This quote highlights Georges responsibility towards Lennie as his best friend and his attitude of caring and preventing him from trouble. Lennie is actually affectionate towards petting soft things and enjoys having fun with it.The first, being Lennies nature. Lennie is an incredibl y strong man, however, he seems to be a child trapped in mans form. This is because he is constantly petting, and stocking things that still a child would pet, as it says Lennie reluctantly reached into his pocket I dont know why I postt keep it I wasnt doin nothing bad with it, George. Jus stroking it. He also causes trouble in weed where he wanted to name the girls red dress, as he wanted to feel it, very similar to what small children like to do. In result, the girl accuses him of raping her and men on the ranch lynch him. George, being his best friend, takes him to Soledad to escape from the men.Another thing that Lennie does is that he used to kill the mice that Aunt Clara used to give him earlier and also kills a mouse and a pup by petting them so hard. These events also relate back to his cap major power of getting in trouble. In summing up to that, Lennie also breaks Curleys wrist, which highlights his physical strength and how can he potentially harm a person without e ven knowing about it. Curley was flopping like a fish on a line, and his closed fist was lost in Lennies big hand. Curley sat down, looking at in wonder at his crushed hand. This quote shows us that how Steinbeck gets to introduce this event to foreshadow the forthcoming trouble by Lennie.In context to Lennies behaviour to other characters, he is presented as a very polite and soft person. He considers important enough to listen to and follow George and his instructions Of course, George, I can remember that. I am gonna hide in the brush till you come. This quote reveals Lennies faith and dependence on George and tells us that he does not have the ability to keep him safe from trouble. Therefore his personal behaviour and characteristics contribute effectively towards the serious trouble, which Lennie will get in to later in the novel.The author tends to be keen while setting up Lennie and the ways in which he tries to make Lennies death unavoidable. Repetition of Lennie doing bad things one after some other and increasing trouble from time to time represents the serious trouble, which Lennie might get in to very soon. Lennie cleanup spot mice and a pup shows his own ability of killing a living organism You always kill em. Lennie said, They was so little. Id petem, and pretty soon the bit my fingers and I pinched their heads a little and they were dead. The quote highlights Lennies un mindfulness of his physical strength, which is the major reason for most of his own created troubles. Furthermore, Steinbeck tries to come across the following key point in the novel. Lennie prefers to panic when in case of trouble instead of using his mind to know what to do. His inability of using his mind in different situations shows that trouble is closely inevitable for him.Another factor which could have lead to Lennies death is Curleys wife, and her nature. This shows isolation, as she has no friends on the ranch, and even her husband owns her, as she is only known as Curleys wife. She seeks attention, through appearing in the bunkhouse, as it says Both men glanced up for the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was write up off. Curleys wife is attracted to Lennies petting tendencies, showing she is soft, and although jailbait, is also purity as it says Curleys wife laughed at him. Youre nuts, she said. But youre a kinda nice fella.The structure of the novella is also very fateful for Lennie. The incident in Weed took place early on in the novella. This is because this was the reason for George and Lennie had to move to Salinas. The relationship with George highlights precarious position for Lennie he has no place in society. From the very beginning in fact, the very title of the novella symbolises doom for Lennie. Burns poem, is about is about a mouse, whose home is ruined by a farmer ploughing a field. The mouse then dies over the winter, having no protection.All these previous events of Lennie foreshadows that his death is unavoidable as he could do anything for pleasure to get in trouble without even knowing about what he has done. All these things also give us a clue that all his activities would end him up in big trouble and probably lead him to his death. George always feared for Lennie as he thought that Lennie could end up in big trouble for himself and for him too. He also tries to prevent him from any possible trouble to his best. Despite of Georges protection from trouble, Lennie at last kills Curleys wife by twisting her neck.This event secures Lennies destruction and promotes death for him, which he cannot choose to avoid. During this tragic event, Steinbeck shows that Lennie panics and breaks Curleys wifes neck accidentally instead of using his brain to know why is she screaming. Dont you go yellin, he said, and shook her and her body flopped like a fish, for Lennie had broken her neck. This quote highlights how Lennies inability of using his mind and how using his physical strength, which he is not awar e of, leads him to the serious trouble, which the author tries to present and emphasise in the novel.In conclusion, the main factor that led to Lennies was in fact Steinbecks fundamental message. Also, intolerance, and misapprehend in society did not help Lennie, as he has been given no place, and people dont know how to treat Lennie, as he is so misunderstood. The structure also leads to Lennies death. We see his death as inevitable, due to the main title of the novella, and also how it is organised. Lennies death was not unexpected, peculiarly when we have read the last chapter, with Lennies visions. The giant rabbit tells us that Lennie has done wrong, and that he will be punished for it, by not having George and his dream ranch, and him tending the rabbits. Lennies innocence and his inability to use his mind, secures his inevitable destruction. These factors all point, very obviously throughout the novel hence Lennies death was inevitable.

Vying for Patients, Hospitals Think Location, Location.

INTRODUCTION. Hospitals are health care institutions that are normally finalized in areas that are densely populated. There are everywhere 17,000 infirmarys in the whole world. In accord with the original meaning of the word, hospitals were originally places of hospitality, and this meaning is still preserved in the names of both(prenominal) institutions such(prenominal) as the Royal Hospital Chelsea, established in 1681 as a retirement and nursing home for veteran soldiers. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/HospitalGeneral) In general, hospitals are normally located in areas where they are some other study hospitals as a way to acquire materials at low impartationation costs.Un bid other businesses deal franchises like McDonalds that would prefer to be in an area where there are no other fast food outlets, hospitals enjoy the benefits of being near other hospitals not only in terms of planning of raw materials but also to acquire bigger foodstuff shares. Most hospitals are s pecialized to admit trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, childrens hospitals, seniors (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical examination checkup of necessity such as psychiatric problems, certain disease categories such as cardiac, oncology, or orthopaedic problems, and so forth.A hospital may be a single building or a number of buildings on a campus. Many hospitals with pre-twentieth-century origins began as one building and evolved into campuses. whatsoever hospitals are affiliated with universities for medical research and the training of medical personnel such as physicians and nurses, often called t severallying hospitals. Worldwide, about hospitals are run on a non pull in basis by governments or charities. Within the United States, most hospitals are nonprofit. (http//en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/HospitalGeneral)? 1. How can sales grocery share and profit be honed for entire set of locations? A sale is the act of selling a product or dish in return for money or other compensation. Market share is the percentage of a grocery (defined in terms of either units or revenue) accounted for by a specific entity. Optimized is to make the best or most effective use of (a situation, opportunity, or resource). Sales market place share can be honed through both internal and external adaptations which would include I.Benefits of the location of enemys proximity. Hospitals unlike other franchise companies enjoy many advantages of competitors being located near each other like a. Reduced transport cost by suppliers. Medical supplies companies are normally located near hospitals and the proximity between hospital and supply reduces transport costs which in turn reduces the over roll costs. This advantage can help the hospital optimize sales through reduced prices for medical care and also maximize profits through reduced costs. b. Specialization.Hospitals normally specialize for example trauma centers, rehabilitation hospita ls, childrens hospitals, seniors (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical necessitate such as psychiatric problems (see psychiatric hospital), certain disease categories such as cardiac, oncology, or orthopedic problems, and so forth. In cases where a patient call for to be transferred from on medical facility to another unlike other franchise companies can share patients and proximity between hospitals helps with that curiously in fate cases. This helps in sales market share and optimization of profits. c. Facilities.Proximity of hospitals helps hospitals share facilities like operating theaters, x-rays which in turn helps in minimizing of costs. This is unlike any other business and this benefits the patient in terms of reduced prices for treatment and reduced costs for the hospital that the helps them increase sales and optimize profits. II. Internal adaptations and their benefits would include upgrading facilities like a. Improvement of the qual ity of services by hiring of the best doctors and equipment can help in the optimization of market share, sales and profits due to the loyal nodes that entertain coming back for more services. . Accessibility. Easy access of the hospital in terms of near main transportation routes and stations improves on sales and profit optimization because patients are able to be delivered to the hospital easily especially in measure of an emergency. c. Customer friendly. The friendliness of the doctors, nurses and staff to patients not only helps in the sales market share and profit optimization but research shows that friendly doctors and nurses helps in the faster recovery of patients. d. Advertising. Research shows that the more advertising is make for a service or product yieldr the more increase in sales there is.This in turn leads to the increase in the market share and optimization of profits. e. Avalabitility of parking is one of the most crucial facts for any company especially ho spitals because when there is an emergency ambulance cannot be bothered on finding parking and pauperisation places with enough parking space. f. Building and leasing costs. This is an important cipher for most companies to minimize overall cost to offer lower prices to guests and also optimize profits but for hospitals this is of little relevance because good qualities building in good locations dont come cheap. g.Upgrading facilities in hospitals can include acquiring of newer equipment like imaging equipment, physical therapy equipment, and so on. Now updated medical equipment is most important in the health care business because as patient needs keep changing so does the equipment. Unlike other businesses like food businesses, the health care business is one of those businesses that require constant upgrading especially when it comes to the equipment. h. Expanding some sites of hospitals requires expanding the services to provide more health care services like dental care, O ptic care, and physiotherapy and so on.This allow help in the use of a wider range of patients with different health care needs which will help in the acquiring of a larger market share and optimize profits. 2. What potential sales do you believe can be realized from each solution suggested? a. Emergency patients are some of the potential sales that could be realized from both enough parking space and accessibility proved by good location near major transport stations and major roads. b. Loyal customers and patients can be realized from friendly doctors and nurses and also high quality services provided by the staff. . Advertising can help in the do of potential clients who in case of hospitals are virtually human being aware of the services the hospital provides for example American Hospital in Dubai that advertises in Dubai international airport making all the passengers who go through Dubai airport know about their services. 3. Where, in each case, should outlets be located to optimize market share, sales and profits without banly impacting on other outlets? a. In some cases hospitals lose market share when there are too many hysicians, medical suppliers and other healthcare providers within the community, and for that reason one may even pay top dollar for a less competitive environment especially in a community with no duplicative services. This can help in the easy domination of the market share especially if its the only hospital providing those services which will in turn optimize profits. In some other cases locating near other hospitals as discussed earlier helps in the decrement of transport cost.So with this factor one must(prenominal) weigh the benefits of locating away from other hospitals versus locating near other hospitals. b. The physical facility in terms of building is an important aspect in consideration of the location of a hospital. Depending on the kind of services the hospital wants to provide the building facilities must be cond ucive enough to accommodate the equipment to be used in the providing of those services. This will greatly impact the quality of services provided by the hospital that will help in the acquiring of larger market share and optimize profits. . The geography and demographic of the hospitals location may plays an important utilisation in market share and profit optimization. The hospital industry is highly regulated and as such is vulnerable to government reimbursement. For this reason, a highly profit hospital will likely have a growing pool of commercially insured patients. So a hospital may rather locate itself in neighborhoods of high income earners because they are the ones who are likely to have both the money and the insurance to pay the medical bills.This will greatly help in profit optimization because this will mean less patients receiving services on credit but rather more patients paying cash at hand. d. concern volumes are also an important factor in locating of hospitals . The less traffic an area has is an added advantage in the location of a hospital because of the need for emergency clients to be able to reach the hospital for a required service in the least time possible. This will help in the securing of the market share that has emergencies hence optimizing profits. e.Customer access in terms of a hospital being located near bus stations and main transport routes is another important factor because it helps customers to reach the hospital for the services it has to offer easily. This will help the securing of a larger market share hence optimizing profits. f. bulky enough parking is also an important factor in locating of hospitals because in cases of emergencies ambulances need to have ready parking at all times in order to minimize the time in takes to take the clients to inside the hospital to receive their required services.In cases of mass accidents or hazards the state or district normally has recommended hospitals in such cases because of some of these factors. 4. What probable effects would there be on market share, sales and profits if a competitor located nearby? a. If the competitors are providing the same service for example child pediatrics, dentistry plastic surgery and so on, it can be a negative impact. This is so because if a hospital is located in an area where other hospitals are all providing the same service that would mean a reduced market share for each hence a reduction in sales and profits. b.In cases where hospitals in the area are providing different services is can be an added advantage because of the proximity between supplier, customer and service provider. Some hospitals recommend other hospitals in case a customer needs another service that hospital doesnt offer. In that way proximity is important for both the hospital in terms of maximizing sales but also for the customer in terms of reduced transport costs to go and receive that service. CONCLUSION. Location, location, location is a ver y important or if not the most important factor in the success or the failure of a business.The factors that will determine the success or failure of a business will account on what kind of business, whether is profit or nonprofit business one wants to set up and the kind of service or product that business intends to provide. Some businesses require being located near the customer, for example fast food franchises while other donot even need to be located near the customer like communications service providers. For hospitals location is important depending on what kind of service they plan to offer and what target market is intended.Is it a charity hospital for low income earners or is it a profit hospital for high income earners. But the reputation of a hospital is also a very important factor for example JOHN HOPKINS HOSPITAL where with such a high demand for their very high quality specialized medical services, they can afford to provide both charity services to low income earn ers and also exclusive services for high income earners. So in efficient location of a hospital they many factors to be examined but even more importunately the aim of the hospital.

Response to a Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay

I grew interested in the plays conflict, since it seems modern day typical. I, for one, enjoy watching bed stories and dramas. This play, served just that purpose. Reading of the avenged make dors, Hermia and Lysander, plan to run into the forest to marry seemed ilkly to be seen on a Wednesday night, 900PM, drama series. Which, I absolutely love Then, the play takes a twist from reality. Helena acquires information related to Hermia and Lysanders plan to marry, which provides her initiative to tell Demetrius. She intends on winning covering the love of Demetrius.The two of them go out in search of the Lysander and Hermia, and find that theyve whole landed themselves in a forest filled with fairies. When introduced to the idea of fairies, I was a insect bite distraught. I was filled with enjoyment because the plot seemed so realistic Discouraged from reading the play, I found myself wondering, what on earth could be the position of these fairies in the forest? Noticing that I w as wondering about the fairies, made me realize that I actually was interested otherwise I wouldnt be thinking about it. What a premeditated man Shakespeare isThese fairies were passionate about disrupting the love affairs of surrounding humans. Ha He just made it more(prenominal) interesting. By entrance into the fairy-infested woods, the romantic lives of these couples converted to very complicated. Oberon, the King, and Titania, the Queen of all the forest fairies lead and direct Puck, or Robin, as he achieves his mischievous tactics. Oberon, inflexible upon mismatching the lovers as a consequence for their disturbance. He refers Puck to the power of a magical, love-bringing flower. A flower that tin literally teach someone to love, why cant we have that in real life?Puck, being clumsily skillful, uses the magic against the wrong person He played the magic trick on Lysander instead of Demetrius, the intended target. As a result, he falls in love with the first person he sees a fter awakening, Helena. act to undo his mistake, Puck makes Demetrius fall in love with Helena as well. Hermia is now very upset. He created pure chaos, and just the way I like it. Firstly, I am not a fan of the comedy in this play. However, Shakespeare casually, yet competently, creates a mix of humor and love. The artisans are portrayed as unreasonable while imitating the play of Pyramis and Thysby. They mock words in the play, for instance when Bottom says, Thisbe, the flowers of odious savors sweet, Quince corrects him with, Odors, odors. Odious is another word for unpleasant, while odors pertains to the redolent smell of sweet flowers. It makes me snicker at the thought of messing up a line so simple and a word so ironic from its original. Yet it feels unrelated and sort of disconnects my thought from the play. I will however say, the thought of the Athenians head turning into that of an Ass is a bit amusing.I find that humor is necessary when writing works filled with such seriousness and drama, it just happens to be that I am not a fan. I found this play exciting and pleasantly full of drama. Shakespeares works of literature are all fabulous in many antithetic ways through use of common themes such as love and dreams. The love of these couples was at first true, but then foolishly played round with. Hermia felt mocked by Lysander and Demetrius, a feeling that most females often feel when men act in this manner. She was accustomed to these men being in love with her, and then they suddenly were in love with Helena.By morning Puck is able to undo all the spells, making all well again. They engage in a group wedding, marrying Helena and Demetrius, and Lysander and Hermia. The end of the play involves the fairies sprinkling dust to protect these couples in the future. Puck also remains to ask for forgiveness and to hark back the play as though it was all a dream. The theme of love and dreams combine in this play making it an excellent eye-opener. Som etimes, things must happen for all to go the way one pleases. I enjoyed this play from beginning to end because of its realistic encounters mixed with the ideas fantasy.

Comparing and Applying Theories of Development Essay

Lets take a look at either three and comp atomic number 18 some of their similarities, as well up as a few differences and then we female genitals look at how these and other theories are used to analyze and evaluate the maturement of a infant. Sigmund Freud was a pioneer of his field. His psychoanalytical possibility was the first theory of modern psychology. Although some of Freuds ideas hasten been discarded, most of them still influence the world of psychology today. match to Freud, human increase is molded by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior (Paplia & Olds, et al, 2006).Our awareness of the world around us is stored in our conscious beware and our unconscious mastermind stores painful repressed memories, urges, feelings, or thoughts which is difficult to access. Freud believed that personalities consist of three move the id, the ego, and the superego. The id dwells in the unconscious part of our mind and is responsible for our recreation principle. Th e superego also dwells mostly in the unconscious mind and is accountable for our knowledge of right and wrong.Accountable for our reality pleasure is our ego, which is located in our conscious mind and is what we use to mediate our deepest selfish desires with the outside world. According to Freud, an individuals behavior is a result of all three interacting with one another, working together as a team under the leadership of the ego. (Roeckelein, 1998) For instance, when a teenager desires to skip school so they he can party with his friends, his superego tells him that he provide get in trouble if he does, so his ego decides to go against skipping school, but makes plans to party with his riends that weekend so that his id is still satisfied. Freud also believed that children go by means of three unalike stand fors of personality ontogeny in the first 5-6 classs of age called psycho cozy fix ups. In each stage a childs fulfillment shifts from oral to anal to genitals. If gratification is not achieved in any of these stages, the person will develop a fixation and ends up being stuck in that stage of growth like in the case of smokers, whom according to Freud, have an oral fixation.Freud positive the idea that people create defense mechanisms such as displacement (a way in which one diverts their feelings of anger from the person whom caused the emotion to another person or object), compensation (overcoming feelings of inadequacy in one land by excelling at another), or rationalization (looking for suitable explanations to justify our behavior). They use these mechanisms in order to cope with stressful and painful experiences. (Witt & Mossler, 2010) Erik Erickson was an apprentice of Sigmund Freud. He developed the Psychosocial Theory of development.He also believed that the unconscious mind influenced behavior however, he opposed the sexual aspect of development. According to his theory there are nine stages of human development. Trust vs. mistru st which occurs between birth and about 1 year old. The child essential learn to trust his or her parents, but must be balanced with a sensible amount of mistrust so as not to become naive. The moral excellence learned is hope. Autonomy vs. shame and doubtfulness is the second stage which occurs between the ages of 1-3 years old. Next is initiative vs. guilt which is usually occurs in 3-5 year olds. Children in middle childhood go done and through the industry vs. nferiority stage which begins around the age of 5 and continues until adolescence around 12 years old and teenagers fall into the identity vs. confusion stage. Those in the intimacy vs. closing off are young adults between the ages of 18-25. Generativity vs. stagnation is the stage for older adults and is characterized with the desire to give back. Most people in this stage are between 25-65 year olds. Integrity vs. despair, and hope and faith vs. despair are the last two stages of life development, and they both are for those over the age of 65 years old. from each one stage is like a test with a potential of passing or failing and the outcome f results is growth and a learned virtue or stagnation. A person will stay stuck in their current stage for however long it takes until the virtue is learned although there are judge age approximations. (Witt & Mossler, 2010) An example of stagnation is when a woman in her thirties still acts like a teenager. Jean Piaget, a psychologist from Switzerland, also believed in stages of development however he focused on cognitive development, mostly in children. Although Piagets theory has received some criticism, mostly in regards to underestimating the cognitive development of children, he has influenced psychology in a enduring way. Piaget defines operational as a mental routine that transforms cultivation so it can be used. operable routines include the use of logic by classifying, subdividing, recognizing parts of a whole, counting, and reversibility. (Witt & Mossler, 2010) According to Piaget, certain behaviors occur only when children reach the appropriate maturational stage and that quadruple of those stages exist sensorimotor (birth-2 years old), preoperational (2-7 years old), concrete operational thought (7-12 years old), and formal operational thought (12+ years old).In each stage, a child will adapt to a new situation by using an inborn ability (Paplia & Olds, et al, 2006) process in which we integ invest new information into a pre-existing mental structure (building blocks of thinking as mental units) called schemes. (Mitchell, P. , 1992. p12) He called this process assimilation. Later if the child learns something new about a prior assimilation experience, the child adds the latest information to the current knowledge, modifying the current mental structure based on experiences. He called this adaption of knowledge accommodation.For instance, when a baby cries, he soon realizes that only his parents respond to his cr y and not just anyone. There are three key concept similarities between Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory and Erik Ericksons Psychosocial Theory. First of all, they both fall under the developmental perspective of psychoanalysis, which means that they both view development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior. Additionally, they both believed that children go through stages of development and that each stage offers omething to learn in order to grow, or a danger of failure. Lastly, they both agree that when a stage is not mastered, its likely that they will be stuck in that stage of growth by developing a fixation according to Freud, and according to Erickson will be emotionally stagnant. In contrast, here are a few significant differences between Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory and Erik Ericksons Psychosocial Theory. First of all, the most noteworthy difference is Ericksons departure from the sexual emphasis of development that so strongly influences Freuds mastermind of view.Although he agrees that unconscious mind influences personality development, he believed that heredity and the environment were more influential than sexual urges. Another major disagreement is that Freud believed that the genital stage begins during adolescence and continues throughout adulthood. Adults remain influenced sexually by their urge for genital gratification which is the driving force for all their afflictions compared to Erickson whom believed that human development is continuous, and that people go through four more stages of development after the adolescent stage.Furthermore, Erickson emphasized a possibility for a healthy ego development through the stages. It suggested that people have some control of their development, which unlike Freud, believed that people spend their entire lives trying to conquer the demands of the id. (Witt & Mossler, 2010) There are also a few similarities between Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory and Piagets Cognitiv e Stage Theory. Once again, just like Erickson, Freud and Piaget agreed that development occurs in stages and both of them mostly focus on child development.Another similarity is that they also both have had a major impact on the field of psychology. Freud was the Father of modern psychology enchantment Piaget remains the most influential cognitive psychologist. Also, their theories have both received conceptualizeable criticism, but they still continue to influence the world of psychology significantly. On the other hand, there are a number of differences between Psychoanalysis and the Cognitive Stage Theory. The main difference is that they both fall under diverse developmental psychological perspectives, so they actually view growth and maturity differently.Freud analyzes personality and emotional development whereas, Piaget examines cognitive development. Another difference is that Freud emphasized sexual urges as the driving force for all humans, but Piaget believed that peo ple were influenced by the current stage of their cognitive develop. Furthermore, Piaget did not recognize the unconscious mind influences that Freud considered. He favored observable, testable measurements in human development. Comparing similarities between Erik Ericksons Psychosocial Theory and Jean Piagets Cognitive Stage Theory is a difficult task.The differences are much more apparent. The reason is because they fall under two sepapace perspectives in the field of psychology just like comparisons between Freud and Piaget. Nevertheless, a gibe of agreements they both had are that heredity and environment are important in human development and that life development occurs in stages. That is where the similarities end. The most obvious disagreements are parallel to the comparisons between Freuds and Piagets theory. For instance, like Freud, Erickson studies personality and emotional development while, Piaget tests cognitive development.In addition, Erickson and Freud believed th at an immense amount of development is influenced by the unconscious mind, unlike Piaget whom does not validate the significance of the unconscious. The last difference is that Piagets theory focused on child development but Ericksons theory included four more stages of human development which continues throughout adulthood. When analyzing the development of children, we can use the above theories, as well as others to predict the come of the child, and compare them with other children in their age group.In order to help a child reach full potential, it is important that doctors, parents, and educators know the normal rate of development. This is estimated by using developmental theories, and then applying research based studies that test the accuracy of those theories. As a child grows and learns, an assessment of their abilities can determine what stage of development the child is in, and whether or not they are developing normally. If a child appears to be learning and growing a t a slower rate than other children in that current theoretical stage, then ction can be taken to accommodate the child and give them more consideration through different programs that have been constructed for children with learning disabilities. However, if a child appears to be developing at a faster rate, then their gifts can be encouraged and cultivated through the utilization of accelerated enrichment programs. In order to consider a childs development as correctly as possible, one must consider all aspects of growth which includes cognitive, physical, and emotional characteristics of maturation.Physical development relates to the growth and maturity of the body and humor which includes the increase in motor skills and brain development. Cognitive development is associated with the progress of logic and reason and increases in vocabulary usage. Emotional development deals with the development of feelings and emotions, but also includes the development of morals and beliefs. A lthough each category examines decided types of human development, they are not separate.For example, advances in cognitive abilities have been found to coincide with the childs physical brain development and growth (like during brain growth spurts). Another instance is that a childs physical maturity affects his/her emotional well being (like when an adolescent is a late bloomer, it can cause them to have a low self-esteem). As psychologists analyze a childs development, they must take into account all three aspects of development because of their impact on each other and then apply them to the psychological theories of development in order to properly assess and encourage a childs possible potential.Sigmund Freud was a patriarch of modern psychology and Jean Piaget remains the most influential cognitive psychologist. Comparisons of the three theories discover that they are all similar in some ways, but also can be vastly different. Although Piaget and Freud have received a consid erable amount of criticism for their ideas and parts of their theories were eventually discarded, they both continue to have a significant influence on the world of Psychology today.

Inherent Fallacies Essay

We hu piece of musics live in a world were illogical fallacies run rampant. In 12 Angry Men the author illustrates everyday illogical fallacies people have in the backcloth of a court jury. jurywomans 3, 4, 7 and 10 have their own fallacies that ar unique to them in the range but evoke be found in common people in everyday people. In 12 Angry Men the illogical fallacy for Juror Number 3 is a popular fallacy. This fallacy is the result of an emotional prejudice by juror 3 has as he comp atomic number 18s the suspect with his own child. Juror 3 says in the play, Youre right.Its the kids.The right smart they areyou jockey? They jadet listen. Ive got a kid. When he was eight years old, he ran a stylus from a fight. I saw him. I was so ashamed, I told him right out, Im gonna make a man out of you or Im gonna bust you up into little pieces trying. When he was fifteen he hit me in the face. Hes big, you know. I havent seen him in three years. filthy kid You work your heart out. comp allowely right, lets get on with it. (Reginald arise 8) His emotional prejudice gets in the way of his sarcasticly thinking through the evidence because he has emotional conflict with his own son.He is grouping all teens together because of his altercation with his son, and Juror 3 is honourable punishing the young man on trial because he cannot come to turns with his own failings as a parent with his child. Towards the end of the play Juror 3 is all alone on the voter turnout look at he looks around at all of them for a long time. They sit silently, waiting for him to speak, and all of them disdain him for his stubbornness. Then, suddenly, his face contorts as if he is about to cry, and he slams his fist down on the table (thundering) All right (30).Juror Number 4 and 10 each has prejudices about slum dwellers. This prejudice gives way to genetic fallacies in each jurors thinking that at the beginning of the deliberations cause them to vote guilty in the initial prelimi nary vote. Juror 4, for example, says, Were missing the point here. This boylets say hes a product of a filthy neighborhood and a broken home. We cant help that. Were not here to go into the reasons why slums are breeding grounds for criminals. They are. I know it. So do you. The children who come out of slum backgrounds are potential menaces to society. 23)The play says that he is a man of wealth and position. We can also determine this by his attitude about people from the ghetto from his previously mentioned statement. Juror 10 is prejudice for the fact that he came from the slums,I bustt mind telling you, mister. We dont owe him a thing. He got a decorous trial, didnt he? You know what that trial cost? Hes lucky he got it. attend to, were all grownups here. Youre not going to tell us that were supposed to believe him, intentional what he is. Ive lived among em all my life. You cant believe a word they say. You know that. 5)This line of thinking also can be seen when Juror 4 tells them, Next, the boy claims that on the way home the knife must have fallen through a hole in his come up pocket, that he never saw it again. Now theres a story, gentlemen. You know what actually happened. The boy took the knife home and a few hours later stabbed his father with it and even remembered to wipe off the fingerprints (9). Juror Number Seven has no need to go over the facts again he votes with whatever the absolute majority of the vote is deciding. Juror 7 is in a hurry to get to the play he has tickets for as noted on page 3, Right. This better be fast.Ive got tickets to The Seven Year Itch tonight. I must be the only guy in the whole world who hasnt seen it yet. (He laughs and sits down. ) Okay, your honor, start the try (3). His prejudice that gets in the way of him critically thinking through the case is selfishness, which leads to a slippery huckster illogical fallacy in the play. He says to the foreman,I dont know, most of its been said already. We can ta lk all day about this thing, but I think were wasting our time. Look at the kids record. At fifteen he was in reform school. He steal a car. Hes been arrested for mugging. He was picked up for knife-fighting.I think they said he stabbed psyche in the arm. This is a very fine boy. (7) This statement highlights the laziness of juror 7 to mean for not necessarily do any of those things correlate with killing his father. The prejudices of all jurors are the basis of the story. These prejudices lead to umteen illogical fallacies that are constituten and resolved throughout the play for each juror. They are attempts by the author to show how every day are riddled with fallacies of logic and how peoples personal conflicts cloud their critical thinking to reason. This play suggests that we all need to examine ourselves before we rush to any type of judgment.

School Prayer

Amy Hua English 1A TTh 145-310 Professor Marvin School ingathering Annie Laurie Gaylor argues against rail appeal in her article The character against School Prayer (Elements of Arguments, 679). When religion is acknowledged in daily school routines, it divides students into different beliefs. Public schools are meant to be open for all people to swallow an education, except non to influence them into a new religion. Requiring students to form prayer in mankind schools is a violation of freedom of Religion.Public schools should non practice prayer beca spend there is a diversity of religions in the United States and the Constitution of the beginning(a) Amendment. Students in public schools get distracted from judgment of religion, but that is why there are places where schools whitethorn freely practice religion, such as secluded schools. Due to the diversity of religions, along with dissimilar practices, schools should traverse their public structure leaving religion entirely out. Public schools educate the belief of God, which ability (for example) be the religion of Catholicism.High schools, Middle schools, and maybe even Elementary schools that practice a certain religion might offend or hurt other religions. When religion has invaded our public school system, it has singled out the l single Judaic student, the class Unitarian or agnostic, the children in the minority (Gaylor 679-680). The United States has a vast variety of religions that include Buddhist, Christian, Catholic, Hinduism, Islam, etc. There are also those Atheists who do not believe in any God. all(prenominal) belief practices different events that may contrast.For instance, Christians rejoice to the Lord on Christmas day as a resolving power of the birth of Jesus Christ, whereas, Buddhists pay their respects to the dead. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. (First Amendment, Bill of Rights, U. S. Cons titution) The First Amendment is the Freedom of Religion, press, and expression. Praying at schools not only excludes the students who do not believe in God, but also disrespects them by not allowing freedom of other religions.Forced into prayer does not verbally influence the student to believe in God, but it til now implies that you cannot or should not practice a different religion. Most of the rules in public schools are efficacious do not use profanity, attend school, and do your best at anything you set your mind to. No matter what the religion, these rules are useful to everyone and are universal to all countries because each one agrees with them. Teaching students about religion would be like to converting them towards the American Republican Party or Democratic-Republican Party.For schools today, it is dishonest for teachers to promote subject during class period. Instructors cannot force what is not universal because of the different beliefs each religion practices. The re will be disagreements among singular religions because there is not only one type of prayer system. There is a place for religion in schools. hole-and-corner(a) schools were made to eliminate the government from its system, so they are independent. Although students in public schools should be allowed to have individualized prayers, there are also closed-door schools and universities that focus on certain viewpoints on religion.If required, some private schools are given permission to freely practice their own religion. For example, Messiah College and John Brown University trim down on Bible studies as much as other electives. It is more of an option to attend private schools, like Messiah College, so the student should know what he or she is signing up for. However, public schools are for all students to learn gender education. Therefore, no assumption of religion should be taught as a part of general education.As a child, I was enrolled into private Christian school by my parents. My parents and I were sensible of the education I was being taught by the teachers and the sharing of general education and Bible studies. In The Case against School Prayer, Gaylor says People should be judged by their actions, not by what religion they believe in or how publicly or loudly they pray (82). Not only do people get distracted from judgment, but also from their studies from far most important subjects.With religion being in the similar studies as Math and Science, students are unable to concentrate in studies that will mainly shape their future. Prayer can be harmful in many ways, depending on how much the school interoperates it daily. When I go to a Christian school during Kindergarten through fifth grade, I was required to announce the Pledge of Allegiance. exactly when my parents decided to take me out of Christian school and enroll me into public school, the Pledge of Allegiance was still mandatory to say.My parents, who converted into Buddhism, were of fended that I still had to intentionally worship God. Annie Gaylor and, not to mention, Jesus had the similar opinion for not allowing public schools to teach religion. when thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy cause which is in secret (Bible, Matt. 65-6). School prayers add conflict to education in many ways. As a result of the vast amount of religions in the United States, there are conflicts caused my disagreements of religion. Japan, where no one prays at school, had the lowest crime rate of any developed nation (Gaylor, 683). Religion should only be taught in private schools or organizations. The First Amendment was made for Freedom of religion, press, and expression, meaning that everyone has a right to pray, but not for public schools to convert the students into believe a certain religion. I strongly agree on Gaylors viewpoints of school prayers because I was felt in the same situation in the past. Public schools should hold f ast open to different religions.

Boys will be boys Essay

Boys need care and protrude also when they are growing up, but it seems their behavior is required more rigidly. When boys come to the age of 10 or 11, they are required to behavior homogeneous a man. A boy who is scared in the dark or left al wiz at such a young age provide be laughed, he bequeath be said sissy. The traditional way asked boys mislead them to be appropriate to be man-like. They have to be independent exactly when they need love and support from parents, they get no comfort or care when they get hurt. All of which at last lead to a ghoulish for the boy who cant handle it well. Boys suffer from the way people rewire them, they are emotionally expressive, but a long time to repress their real feelings lead to a higher respect of crime or suicide, smoking and alcoholics in boys than girls.If boys go against their centerfield for a long time, they cant act who they are for a long time, they get no help or guide, psychological problems will come into being instead. For example, a boy who lost his father in an early age, in his heart he desires the love from his father or from a man. But he should behave like a man to avoid being laughed by others while he is so weak, he has no one to talk this desire, so that as the desire become stronger and stronger, most cases, he becomes a gay. At last, boys should be taken care of in a different way from girls. The rigid idea that boys should behave like a big boy every moment should be considered carefully. Maybe when the boys really get the hazard to be themselves, there will be less crime and suicide. No matter how he behaves, honourable follow the voice from the heart. Let the boys be who they are, more acceptance and love is need for who they are.

Ela Bhatt

Ela Bhatt Hilary Clintons heroine upper-case letter US secretary of asseverateHillary Clintonhas hailed Indias eminent affectionate activist Ela Bhatt as unrivalled of her heroines for her pioneering ferment in em fountaining women. I realize a lot of heroes and heroines nearly the world, Clinton said on Thursday, adding that one of them is Ela Bhatt, who started an arrangement called the freelance Womens sleeper (Sewa) in India worldly concerny an other(a)(prenominal) a(prenominal) years ago. She was a real closely educated charwo manhood who had the options ready(prenominal) to those in her class with her intellectual ability, exactly she chose to devote her feel to organizing the sadest of the hapless, women who seduceed in fields, who sold vegetables, who were domestics, who struggled to eke out a living for themselves and their families, women who were considered the give way to eat, the least beta, Clinton said while speaking in truth highly of Bhatt. (Sourcehttp//articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. om/2012-06-23/us/32381949_1_ela-bhatt-heroines-hillary-clinton ) Ela Bhatt is gene rate ofSEWA, Indias largest labor substance which represents 1. 2 million women in the free-and-easy field from women stitching embellishment and making food products to day-laborers, artisans, waste collectors, street v remainderors and miserable farmers. She has received numerous transnational accolades for her locomote and is a member ofThe Elders, a assembly of eminent global leaders who were brought together by Nelson Mandela in 2007. The Gandhian Movement Penning of the book on the Gandhi movement The grand history of Khadia was retraced when Ela Bhatt, demote of self use Womens Association (SEWA), released the book Mahatma ki chaon mein or Under the shadow of Mahatma penned by her maternal grand start out tardy Dr Manidhar Shankarlal Vyas who was a liberty fighter and a revolutionary who had art objecticipated in the Dandi March. - A understructure member of Womens terra firma Banking, Ela Bhatt is lavishnessively the fo on a lower floor of the self-importance busy Womens Association (SEWA), one of the close to successful organizations for the economic dominance of women in India.She all overly founded SEWA Cooperative Bank in 1974. In 1989, she was the firstbornborn woman appointed to the proviso Commission in India. Prior to this, she was a member of the Indian parliament. Mrs. Bhatts m whatever awards allow the Right reinforcement Award and the Ramon Magsasay Award and she was named to the Elders Project by Nelson Mandela in 2007. She has served on the WWB Board of Trustees since 1980, and was Chair from 1988 to 1998. Ela Bhatt I accomplished that although eighty percent of women in India be economically active, they atomic number 18 distant the celestial horizon of legislation. Elas StoryBorn in 1933 to a middle class, well-educated family, Ela Bhatt has spent her life fighting for the rights and welf atomic number 18 of Indias out of sight ladderers. Her grandpargonnts worked with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-violent struggle for Indian license from the British. Deeply influenced by Gandhi, Ela has followed his basels all her life. She has pioneered the estimation that population themselves, no matter how abject or uneducated, argon able to solve their accept problems if they get up together to do so. To serve provide this, she founded SEWA, the free-lance Womens Association.Called one of the best -if not the best grassroots programmes for women on the planet, SEWA prove so successful that it has sustain a model for micro- pay programs in other parts of the world. Ela started as a lawyer with the Textile Labour Association (TLA) in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, a union founded by Gandhi, who had deep reward for Indias stuff producers. Working in the womens division, Ela soon found that women were doing many of the labor-in xsive tasks needed in textile production, as well as in other fields of work. However, as workers, they were invisible.Out- r suppurated, Ela said, Personally, I dont think there fair(a) nowt joint be any greater in providedice to anybody in the world than to dedicate ones work contribution negated Who is the linchpin of any economy in the country? Its the poor Yet they be not recorded as workers in the national census. They be described as non-workers Home-based workers ar the least visible of all. In the textile industry, contractors give the women cloth military psychenels which argon already cut out to form parts of a garment. The women fix the garments together at fellowship and return them to the contractor. The women kick in to work fast and for long hours, because they are compensable by the piece.Often, young daughters suspensor with the sewing after school. The contractor would pay any(prenominal) he wished, a lot an extremely low rate of 4-5 rupees per day. The women, because they w ere unorganized, had no way to demand higher rates. Other women workers in the informal sector withal had precise difficult workings conditions and were frequently exploited. These women included vegetable administerers, rag pickers, bidi rollers (a hand-rolled cigarette), incense do workrs, cleaners, laborers, embroil pullers, and silk and cotton workers. I realized that although eighty percent of women in India are economically active, they are outside the purview of legislation. Ela accepted that these women needed the help that they could get just now through organizing together as a large group. To meet that need, she founded SEWA in 1972 to organize for better pay and working conditions. SEWA, which today has 250,000 members, helped workers at the utmost level of purchase order fuck off empowered to take control of their lives. It soon became apparent that women workers had a weighty problem with notes and banking. Even though many of the women worked twelve hou rs a day or more(prenominal), they make unforesightful money, had no savings, and never had rich capital to improve their conditions.For standard, a home- based textile assembly program might arrive at to pay high rent on the sewing machine she used. She never had enough money at one time to buy the machine. Even if a woman was able to get a little money together, the money often was not safe at home, where men felt authorize to whatever was in the house. If a women wanted to borrow money to further her business (for example, to buy superfluous vegetables to sell in the market), she would shed a bun in the oven to borrow from money lenders at outlandish rates, sometimes 50% per day.Since womens wealthiness was often in the form of jewelry, they besides got funds through pawning. Because they were largely illiterate, these women were unable to sign their label at a bank and were unfamiliar with banking routines. A male relative would consent to sign for them, gaining ac cess to the money. In addition, bankers, who had never dealt with illiterate low-income women, treated them badly. SEWA had a meeting to which 2000 women came and told of their difficulties with the banks. Finally, someone said, lets start our make bank Others agreed, and the idea was underway.SEWA Bank was registered in 1974 with 4,000 members. When money had to be raised to register the bank, the women, saying, We are poor, but we are so many raised the needed RS. 100,000 within six months. Ela says that the idea that illiterate women assholenot be decision- obligaters in pay is an untrue middle-class notion. A study problem was that the women could not sign their names. How could they be identified at SEWA Bank? SEWA found a way that was so successful it is now used in banks end-to-end India. Each woman was photographed holding a slate with her bank account number on it. wizard retroflex of the photo was in her bank passbook, while another copy was kept at the bank. This explicit denomination meant that women could now have money in their own names men were no longitudinal part of the process. When a woman joins SEWA Bank, the first step is saving. The woman moldiness save an amount either week, no matter how microscopic. Even if she makes alone RS. 4, she is encouraged to save half a rupee. SEWA even provides a locked loutish bank for the purpose, and representatives from sewa come to the womans home to take the savings to the bank. by and by acquiring the habit of saving, a woman leave alone be allowed to take out a loan. Designed to meet the postulate of low-income women, the loans are small with a long payback period, up to 36 months. Ela pioneered the concept of micro-lending, the idea that very small amounts, as small as $5, may be all that is needed to make a difference. Women used the loans for practical purposes acquire equipment they had formerly rented, expanding a business, installing indoor plumbing, and paying for childrens education. Over 95% of the loans are repaid on time, a much higher repayment rate than for other banks.SEWA Bank in like manner educates and assists the women through other services, such(prenominal) as day care, maternity protection, and job training. SEWA Bank, which now has over us $3 million in assets, has been so successful that there are now branches in other parts of India, and men have even asked to be included. It is important to realize that all this has been accomplished without any outside fiscal help whatsoever. The women did it themselves. Most important, the SEWA Bank model, through its concepts of micro-finance, has been used to empower poor women throughout the world.Towards this end, Ela joined with nine other women at the first UN humanity Conference on Women in Mexico urban center in 1975 these women mete outd the feeling that the worlds financial institutions must become accessible to low-income women. Incorporated in 1979, Womens World Banking now has 43 a ffiliates in 35 countries. Ela Bhatt has served as its chair since 1985. The far-reaching effect of Ela Bhatts work have been name internationally through many awards, including the Right Livelihood Award (the alternate Nobel Prize) for Changing the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1984. black-tie thriftinessIn India today, only slightly 11% of workers hold unfaltering jobs with formal employer- employee relationships. These jobs are documented and the workers are protect by whatever laws are available. Informal Economy Nearly 89% of Indias workers are undocumented. Their work in the informal sector is usually not cover by legal protection that may be available to workers in formal sector jobs. They work either on their own, or as piece workers with a contractor or middleman, in relationships that figure on verbal agreement. Home-based Work Part of the informal economy, this work is done at home, usually by women.She gets raw materials from a contractor or middleman, assemb les the correct product, and brings it to the middleman for payment. Often at the mercy of the contractor, she must accept whatever pay he is free to give. This type of worker is the most invisible in the economy. Macro-Finance Works with the large amounts of money used by banks, governments, stock markets, corporations, and other large institutions. Micro-Finance Micro-finance works with the very small amounts of money actually used by low-income multitude. It is often the most appropriate way to consume social programs at the grassroots level.Things to Do and dissertate 1 Imagine that you are a poor woman working in Gujarat, India. Construct a family, home, and job for yourself. You may want to consult a book or encyclopedia to get more information. What problems do you think you would have? How would you use a loan from SEWA Bank to improve the lives of yourself and your family? 2 How is womens work considered in your own country? In what shipway is it similar or different from the situation in India? Do you think that re couchs such as SEWA provides would be useful in your country? - Ela R Bhatt highly settle and soft-spoken, yet firm and determined and wide recognize as pioneer in force for entrepreneurial forces in grassroots learning leading to women empowerment this is the practicing Gandhian economics and septuagenarian, Ela R Bhatt, popularly cognise as Elaben by members of Self Employed Womens Association or SEWA, which she founded in 1972. She helped the freelance women to organize themselves. Its members include vegetable vendors, fisherwomen, bidi-rollers, weavers, and flavourpan workers who were exploited for generations by middlemen.SEWA empowered them to explore direct market linkages, removing middlemen from the chain. neighboring it propagated the concept of self-direction by producing and marketing to other villages leading to self-sustained village economy. It has formed 102 cooperatives including milk and ingrain and a Rural Distribution Network called RUDI to help women link with other villages in a 100-km radius. Next came a cooperative bank called SEWA Bank in 1974 to help these women have access to banking services which otherwise were not available.Like a banyan tree the SEWA today has spread to countries like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. - Ela R Bhatt - Extremely gentle and soft-spoken, yet firm and determined and widely recognized as pioneer in pushing for entrepreneurial forces in grassroots maturation leading to women empowerment this is the practicing Gandhian economics and septuagenarian, Ela R Bhatt, popularly known as Elaben by members of Self Employed Womens Association or SEWA, which she founded in 1972.She helped the self-employed women to organize themselves. Its members include vegetable vendors, fisherwomen, bidi-rollers, weavers, and saltpan workers who were exploited for generations by middlemen. - SEWA empowered them to explore direct market linkages, removing mid dlemen from the chain. Next it propagated the concept of self-reliance by producing and marketing to other villages leading to self-sustained village economy.It has formed 102 cooperatives including milk and grain and a Rural Distribution Network called RUDI to help women link with other villages in a 100-km radius. Next came a cooperative bank called SEWA Bank in 1974 to help these women have access to banking services which otherwise were not available. Like a banyan tree the SEWA today has spread to countries like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. - Ela Bhatt Of SEWA Awarded Indira Gandhi Prize For Promoting peaceableness vernal Delhi, 18 Feb (Tehelka Bureau) Ela Bhatt is a name which has seen the transformation of close-fitting to 17 hundred thousand commonwealth in the last four decades. As one of the founders of Self Employed Womens Association (SEWA), she has promoted the cause of women relentlessly allowing millions of them to become independent and self reliant. Th e impact of her work has been recognized consistently and it was lauded once again on Monday when she was recognize by the President of India with the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, disarming and Development.This makes Bhatt only the trey Indian in the history of the award to receive the prize constituted in the memory board of the late Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. The other Indian liquidators are former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and father of green revolution MS Swaminathan. Bhatt used the prospect to re-examine the idea of peace and interpreted it as an instrument which disarms and renders war useless. Equating penury with periodic violence, she found it to be no less cataclysmal than war and said that its removal is essential for create peace.Stressing on the need to address the realities of our own countries quite a than catching up with the western economic models, Bhatt urged the people to follow a principle which ensures six staple fiber necessities- food, shelter, clothing, primary coil education, primary healthcare and primary banking- are available within a 100 slub distance. If these necessities are locally produced and consumed, we leave alone have the harvest-festival of a tender holistic economy, she said. - The President praised her by calling the prize a tribute to her unblinking zeal towards the betterment of women in guild revolutionary Delhi, 18 Feb (Tehelka Bureau)Ela Bhatt is a name which has seen the transformation of close to 17 lakh people in the last four decades. As one of the founders of Self Employed Womens Association (SEWA), she has promoted the cause of women relentlessly allowing millions of them to become independent and self reliant. The impact of her work has been recognized consistently and it was lauded once again on Monday when she was honored by the President of India with the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, disarming and Development.This makes Bhatt only the third Indian in the history of the award to receive the prize constituted in the memory of the late Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. The other Indian recipients are former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and father of green revolution MS Swaminathan. Bhatt used the opportunity to re-examine the idea of peace and interpreted it as an instrument which disarms and renders war useless. Equating pauperism with day-to-day violence, she found it to be no less foul than war and said that its removal is essential for building peace.Stressing on the need to address the realities of our own countries rather than catching up with the western economic models, Bhatt urged the people to follow a principle which ensures six basic necessities- food, shelter, clothing, primary education, primary healthcare and primary banking- are available within a 100 mile distance. If these necessities are locally produced and consumed, we leave have the developing of a new holistic economy, she said - -Dr. Ela Bhatt, recipient of the Un iversity of Chicagos 2007 William Benton decoration for Distinguished usual Service, presented a public lecture on Novermber 27th in the Weymouth Kirkland Courtroom. Ela R. Bhatt is widely recognized as one of the worlds most remarkable pioneers and entrepreneurial forces in grassroots development. Known as the gentle revolutionary she has commit her life to improving the lives of Indias poorest and most loaded women workers, with Gandhian thinking as her source of guidance.In 1972, Dr. Bhatt founded the free-lance(a) Womens Association (SEWA) a work union which now has more than 1,000,000 members. Founder Chair of the Cooperative Bank of SEWA, she is also founder and chair of Sa-Dhan (the each India Association of Micro Finance Institutions in India) and founder-chair of the Indian train of Micro-finance for Women. Dr. Bhatt was a Member of the Indian Parliament from 1986 to 1989, and subsequently a Member of the Indian Planning Commission.She founded and served as chair f or Womens World Banking, the world-wide Alliance of Home-based Workers (HomeNet), and Women in Informal Employment Globalizing, Organizing (WIEGO). She also served as a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation for a decade. Dr. Bhatt has received several awards, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award, the Right Livelihood Award, the George Meany-Lane Kirkland Human Rights Award, and the Legion dhonneur from France. She has also received honorary doctorates from Harvard, Yale, the University of Natal and other academic institutions.In 2007, Dr. Bhatt was named a member of The Elders, an international group of leaders whose goals include catalyzing calm resolutions to long-standing conflicts, articulating new approaches to global issues that are causing or may cause immense human suffering, and share wisdom by helping to connect voices all over the world. The Benton Medal The William Benton Medal for Distinguished Public Service is inclined to individuals who have rendered howling(a) p ublic service in the field of education. This field includes not only teachers but also . . . veryone who contributes in a systematic way to shaping minds and disseminating knowledge. Previous Benton Medal recipients include John Callaway, Katharine Graham, and Senator Paul Simon. - Source http//www. law. uchicago. edu/node/1502 - - The President of India Pranab Mukherjee on 18 February 2013 conferred 2011 Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development Award to Ela Ramesh Bhatt, a renowned Women social worker.The award was given away at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi. Ela Bhatt was given away the award for life time achievements in women empowerment, promotion of grassroot level entrepreneurship as well as contribution towards promotion of equitable development and peace. Ela Bhatt has her organisation SEWA (Self-Employed Womens Association). President Pranab Mukherjee while swelled away the award announced that SEWA was a vehicle of self trading and self reliance for the Indian women, while at the uniform time being synonymous with the rural inclusiveness. Ela Bhatt Ela Bhatt is the founder of more than 1 million SEWAs in India. Since years, Ela Bhatt has been working for women empowerment and bringing women out of poverty through promotion of Self Help Groups. SEWA has empowered women with liberty as well as financial self- reliance (Source http//www. jagranjosh. com/current-af freshs/ela-bhatt-conferred-2011-indira-gandhi-prize-for-peace-disarmament-and-development-award-1361254391-1) - It honours the unassailable work of the poor Ela Bhatt Tuesday, Feb 19, 2013, 1644 IST Place Ahmedabad Agency DNA Says Ela Bhatt on receiving Indira Gandhi peace prize.Noted social worker Ela Ramesh Bhatt was on Monday conferred the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development by President Pranab Mukherjee. After receiving the award, Elaben (80), founder of Self-Employed Womens Association (Sewa), said the prize is recognition of hard work by the all poor working women and their leadership worldwide, who hold peace, disarm violence and reduce poverty with their honest work. She said that award has given her the opportunity to explore what constitutes the peace. I have often stated that poverty is violence.This violence is by consensus of society that lets other human beings go without roti, kapada and makan. Poverty is not god given. It is a moralistic collapse of our society. Garibi hatao to me also meant, thus, shanti banao. Garibi Hatao is a peace song, said founder of Sewa which has 17 lakh members now. She said that when Mahatma Gandhi talked more or less Swaraj, he talked about economic de underlyingisation. She urged people to ensure that six basic needs are met from resources within 100 miles. - I call it the 100-mile principle.If food, shelter, clothing, primary education, primary healthcare and primary banking are locally produced and consumed, we will have the fixth of a new holistic economy that the w orld will take note of, she said. She insisted that catching up with the western economic models will turn us into incompetent followers, not leaders. - (Source http//www. dnaindia. com/ahmedabad/1801728/report-it-honours-the-hard-work-of-the-poor-ela-bhatt - Ela Bhatt conferred prestigious Indira Gandhi PrizeFeb 18, 2013 Ela Bhatt, a long-familiar social worker, was honored for her life time achievements in empowering women and promoting grass root level entrepreneurship. Ela Bhatt, founder of the Self Employed Womens Association (SEWA), was presented with the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development for the year 2011 by the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee at a glittering ceremony today. Ela Bhatt was honoured for her life time achievements in empowering women, promoting grassroot level entrepreneurship and for her contribution towards promoting equitable development and peace.Ela Bhatt is known globally for her work over decades (though officially only since 1972) that has created SEWA with a membership in excess of 1. 3 million. She also founded the SEWA Cooperative Bank in 1974, which has an outreach of 3 million women simple figures that speak volumes of her dedicated efforts and leadership to successfully bring women out of poverty into a life of self-confidence and esteem. Speaking on the ocassion President Pranab Mukherjee said Ela Bhats orgainisation SEVA has today become synonymous with rural inclusiveness and a vehicle of self employment and self reliance for women.The President praised her work for bringing women out of poverty and empowering them with the freedom to choose and attaining financial self-reliance through the promotion of Self Help. Congratulating her, the President said her life and work is reflective of the philosophy and ideals espoused by Indias former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in whose memory the prize was instituted. The President said Ms Bhatts example would spur many more initiatives in our country and elsewhere, aimed at renewal of society and all-round development of people. If women are under represented in the productive efforts of our economy, it is not only imprudent but also detrimental to the cause of social progress, the president. Due to the untiring efforts of Ms. Bhatt, SEWA has become an effective vehicle for promotion of self employment and self reliance amongst women. To realize these goals, the organization has been providing supporting services in the areas of savings and credit, health care, child care, legal aid, insurance, capacity building and communication. It has become a multi-dimensional entity a force collective, a co-operative and a womens movement. - Speaking on the occassion, Indias Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh said, By saying that poverty is the moral failure of a society, Ela-ben throws down the gauntlet to society at large. Her own attempt to attack poverty by organizing poor women and helping them empower themselves economically is at once aimed at the twin evils of poverty and gender discrimination. Ela Bhatt The gentle revolutionary a pioneer in womens empowerment and grassroots development, founder of the more than 1 million-strong Self-Employed Womens Association in India. there are risks in every action. every(prenominal) success has the seed of some failure. But it doesnt matter. It is how you go about it. That is the real challenge. Ela Bhatt has been a member of The Elders since the group was founded in 2007. Profoundly influenced by Gandhian thinking, she advocates local, grassroots solutions for those who are poor, oppressed or suffering the effects of violent conflict. She joined her fellow Elders to encourage peaceful Palestinian protest and self-reliance during The Elders two delegations toIsrael and the active Palestinian territories.One of Indias foremost womens rights activists, Ela Bhatt welcomed the Elders to India in February 2012, where the group lent their support to young people in the state of Bihar campaigning to endchild marriagein their own communities. One of Indias foremost womens rights activists, Ela Bhatt welcomed the Elders to India in February 2012, where the group lent their support to young people in the state of Bihar campaigning to endchild marriagein their own communities. We are poor, but so manyEla Bhatt is one of the worlds most remarkable pioneers and entrepreneurial forces in grassroots development. Known as the gentle revolutionary, she has dedicated her life to improving the lives of Indias poorest and most oppressed women workers. In 1972 she founded theSelf-Employed Womens Association (SEWA), a muckle union for women workers in Indias huge informal sector, who make up 94 per cent of the female advertize force and yet have never enjoyed the same rights and security as those in formal employment.Today SEWA has more than 1. 2 million members across nine Indian states. We may be poor, but we are so many. why dont we start a bank of our own? Our own womens bank, where we are treated with the respect and service that we deserve. Chandaben, SEWA member The sideline year, Ela Bhatt founded theCooperative Bank of SEWA. The bank helps women to gain financial independence and raise their standing in their families and communities and puts into act the Gandhian principles of self-reliance and collective action.Empowering women workers Among the organisations Ela Bhatt has created and inspired, she founded and chairs * Sa-Dhan (the All India Association of Micro Finance Institutions in India) * The Indian School of Micro-finance for Women * Womens World Banking * The International Alliance of Home-based Workers (HomeNet) * Women in Informal Employment Globalizing, Organizing (WIEGO) She has also served as a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation for more than ten years.In recognition of her work to improve the status of women and the working poor in India and elsewhere, Ela Bhatt was awarded the first-ever Global achromasi a Initiative Award, the Ramon Magsaysay Award, the Right Livelihood Award, the George Meany-Lane Kirkland Human Rights Award, and the Legion dhonneur from France. She has also received honorary doctorates from Harvard, Yale and the University of Natal. - Women, work and peace Ela Bhatt,18 February 2013 Poverty is day-to-day violence, no less destructive than war. Receiving the 2011 Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development, Ela Bhatt re-examines our idea of peace, arguing that equity, local economies and the empowerment of women through work are central to supporting economic freedoms, and therefore peace. Honorable President of India, Honorable Shrimati Sonia Gandhi, Honorable Prime Minister of India, and distinguished dignitaries and friends Thank you for this singular honor. I humbly accept the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development on behalf of the self-employed women ofSEWA. This year, SEWA is 40 years old I turn 80.We are a sisterhood of 17 lakh1. 7 million. Our journey is long and perhaps endless. This prize has given honor to all working poor women and their leadership worldwide, who hold peace, disarm violence and reduce poverty with their honest work. And therefore, it gives me deep contentment to be here today. I still hope someday they will hold a central mall in our economy. This peace prize gives us an opportunity to re-examine our ideas of what constitutes peace. Certainly, absence of war is not peace. Peace is what keeps war away, but it is more than that peace disarms and renders war useless.Peace is a condition enjoyed by a fair and fertile society. Peace is about restoring balance in society only then is it lasting peace. In my view, restoration and reconstruction of a society are essential and get wind components of the peace process worldwide. If we seek carefully at our world, we find that where there is unfair distribution of resources, there is unrest. When people cannot enjoy the fruits of their l abors fairly, when they are forced off their land and homestead and forest, we have the basis of an unjust society. Where there is violence and conflict, we always find poverty.And where there is poverty, we find anger and acute struggles for justice and equity. And we see governments resorting to repression for ensuring law and order. I have often stated that poverty is violence. This violence is by consensus of society that lets other human beings go withoutrotiandkapadaandmakan. Poverty is not God-given. It is a moral collapse of our society. Poverty strips a person of his or her gentleman and takes away freedom. Poverty is day-to-day violence, no less destructive than war. Poverty is lack of peace and freedom. In fact, removing poverty is essentially building peace.I know I am not saying anything new. Garibi Hataoto me also meant indeedShanti Banao. Garibi Hataois a peace song. In India, we are tall of our multicultural society. Bahudhais at the heart of what makes us who we are social diversity, political diversity, religious diversity, biological diversity. But in our rush to modernise let us not forget one of our greatest assets our economic diversity. In our markets, we have the street vendor, the cart seller, the cell owner, the shop owner, and the supermarket owner, all plying their trades at the same time.Let them cater to different strata of society, co-existing and competing in a natural, organic way. Let our planning include ample room for the millions of small entrepreneurs and self-employed, who cater to the widest strata of society, to flourish and grow. They are the agents of an economic development that reaches the grassroots they weave the living web of social and economic relationships that will bind our nations together. Gandhiji talked aboutswaraj he talked about economic decentralization. I would urge us to ensure that six basic primary needs are met from resources within 100 miles around us. I call it the 100 mile principle.If food , shelter, clothing, primary education, primary healthcare and primary banking are locally produced and consumed, we will have the growth of a new holistic economy, which the world will sit up and take note of. And itispossible in and around India in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Afghanistan women have done it. Catching up with western economic models will turn us into incompetent followers, not leaders. But if we address the realities of our own countries, we can create a development that makes us leaders of our destiny. Let me make clear, however, that the 100 mile principle is not a recipe for isolation.I am not asking at all that we go back but move send with heightened sentience about how and where we overlook our money and what our work is doing to us and those around us. In fact, technologies can help to share knowledge and ideas across countries. However, we do need to get away from a world where people grow what they do not eat, and eat what they do not grow w here they have lost control over their basic production and daily consumption where they have become part of a system whose outcomes are determined by people far away, in a manner not in their by-line and outside their control.This awareness is already growing among the younger generation the world over. In India, we have a running start because our local economies are still alive. Let us give them the respect they deserve by investing in people who survive despite our neglect. And where do we start? I have faith in women. Women have shown, if we care to observe, that disarmament in the end is not a accordance by two nations to render arms useless, though such treaties are much-needed in this world. In my experience, as I have seen within India and in other countries, women are the key to rebuilding a fraternity. Why?Focus on women and you will find an ally who wants a stable community. She wants roots for her family. You get a worker, a provider, a caretaker, an educator, a netw orker, a forger of bonds. I consider thousands of poor working womens participation and representation an integral part of the peace and development process. Women bring constructive, creative and sustainable solutions to the table. Also, in my experience, productive work is the thread that weaves a society together. When you have work, you have an incentive to maintain a stable society. You cannot only see the future, but you can plan for the future.You can build assets and invest in the next generation. Life is no longer just about survival. Work builds peace because work gives people roots, as well as allowing them to flower it builds communities and it gives meaning and dignity to ones life. Work restores mans relationships with himself, with fellow human beings, with the earth and the environment, and with the great spirit that created us all. Being one of The Elders, I hear to Nelson Mandela, dear Madiba, telling us frequently that money wont create success, but the freedom t o make it, will. True, in Gaza, the men and women said to me, Without work we can neither forgive nor forget, because what have we to look forward to? In a Sudanese camp, I heard refugees crying for work, not charity. After the earthquake in Kutch, when I visited the area, everywhere I went the women, who had lost everything, said to me, Ben, have you brought work? By work, I do not mean sweatshops and cheap dig in factories that leave a person a slave to yet another kind of exploitation.Treating land and forests and people and even work as a commodity cannot build a fuller human being, nor a holistic society. Such work strips them of the multifunctional, multicultural character of work that fosters a dynamic and organic growth in society. A woman who tends a small plot of land, grows vegetables, weaves cloth, and provides for the family and the market, while caring for the financial, social, educational and emotional needs of her family is multifunctional worker and the deterge nt builder of a stable society.One who labours long hours at a factory where he has no control of his work or his skills, contributes one product to society whose work is measured and therefore given greater sufferance by us, while her work is unaccounted and make outd. It is the GDP at the household level that matters. The use of word domestic in GDP should not be overlooked. Peace and development cannot be measured in numbers. I do hope that one day peace and development will shine on the hardiness of our land and the people, and the world will enjoy the wisdom of my India.Thank you very much. Ela Bhatt delivered this speech upon accepting the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development, on 18 February 2013 in New Delhi. - Source http//theelders. org/article/welcoming-my-fellow-elders-india Welcoming my fellow Elders to India We hope to listen to girls affected by child marriage, their parents, their teachers and community leaders and amplify their needs and con cerns in our conversations with government, media and other powerful people. Ela Bhatt is joined in India by her fellow Elders Desmond Tutu, Gro Brundtland and Mary Robinson at the start of a week-long visit center on the empowerment of girls and women. I am very happy to be welcoming my friends Desmond Tutu, Gro Brundtland and Mary Robinson to India. This is the first time the Elders have travelled here as a group, and I hope that by the end of our visit to Delhi and Bihar, we will have become even wiser. Our aim is to listen and learn, not lecture. I also hope this is the beginning of a continued relationship with the people and leaders of India.As some of you may already know, the Elders work together as independent global leaders, supporting peace-building and human rights. These issues are closely relate in my view. Peace, human rights and human development go hand in hand, and the Millennium Development Goals the international benchmarks for progress on poverty, health, ed ucation and other issues are a very important tool. I powerfully believe that peace is not a political issue, its a human one, and will only be achieved when everyone has the freedom to grow at their own pace and to fulfill their potential.In India, the focus of our visit is to support Indian girls in particular to realize their full potential by drawing attention to the practice of child marriage. In this way, we hope we will also contribute towards Indias own development as a peaceful partner in the global family of nations. In the developing world an estimated one in three girls is married before the age of 18. One in seven marries before 15. Around ten million girls a year are affected by child marriage and one third of them live in India. Child marriage is, however, a truly global practice.It occurs across all major religions and regions, from West and East Africa to South Asia, the Middle East, Latin America and communities in Europe and the United States. There are many reas ons why child marriage happens, but we now recognize that marrying ulterior, delaying pregnancy and inveterate girls education, providing them adequate skills and financial literacy, are all important ways to support development and build a more peaceful world. As I mentioned, the Elders are not here to lecture or prescribe.Nevertheless as home to a significant proportion of the worlds child brides, addressing this issue in India is very important on the global measure. What we hope to do is to listen to girls affected by child marriage, their parents, their teachers and community leaders and amplify their needs and concerns in our conversations with government, media and other influential people. I am very appealing to the difficult decisions that families must make here in India. Even if they want their daughters to be educated, there are often no schools nearby, especially outside the big towns and cities.Physical security is a real concern if girls have to travel long dista nces or stay in dormitories away from home. In India, family and community are also central to most peoples security both physical and financial. Marriages are not just between individuals, but weave together families and communities in mutually supportive networks. This makes marriage complex and important to social cohesion. Like everywhere in India, we are seeing change. I have seen differences in age of marriage from my mothers generation to my own, and my daughters. But it is far too slow.We hope that the Elders contribution will help to create an enabling environment where everyone works together government, young people, media, NGOs, and businesses too so that girls can become equal members of the family, not second class members, and can truly fulfil their potential. We look forward to sharing our thoughts along the way, and hope that you will join the conversation too. Peace by practice Mandela day 2011 Ahead of Mandela Day 2011, Ela Bhatt asks how we can live up to Nel sonMandelas example and discusses the power of thinking local to change our communities and create a better world. To me, Nelson Mandela is a supreme symbol of freedoms struggle. Next week, on 18 July, he will celebrate his 93rd birthday, a daythat around the world people now recognise as Mandela Day. Let us take this opportunityto reflect on the life of a man we have come to know and respect as a great leader, one who sacrificed his own freedom for the freedom of his people. How best do we honour his achievements? What can we do to live up to Madibas example? Looking for a solutionIt is often said that the problems facing our world are too overwhelming or intractable that you find endless conflict, injustice and poverty. I agree that if you want to fixthe worlds problems, you have a mightytask. In my own country, India, the scale of the poverty we see is enough to break your heart. After decades of independence, freedom has still not come to everycitizen discrimination has taken new forms, and the poorest of the poor live on the margins, the invisible engine of our so-called Tiger economy. When we see such suffering, it is natural to wish to solve everything at once.We turn to our governments for a solution, and feel frustrated when theyfail to act. But I have never been one to press that governments have all the answers. Change is up to us Our greatest source of strength is right under our noses the families, work-places and communities that give us strong foundations, on which equal societies are built. Thinking local, we can turn power upside down. In my work with Self-Employed Womens Association (SEWA), I have seen some of the poorest, most vulnerable women transform their lives and the communities theylive in.From being home-based workers, landless labourers or illiterate food vendors they have claimed their rights and have become the owners of their own resources, the beneficiaries of their own land. They meet resistance from the authorities at every stage but theystand firm, together, saying We are poor, but so many I believe strongly that to bring widespread change, we must first make that change ourselves. Another great teacher, Mahatma Gandhi, imagined this as ripples in water, small circles of change that grow ever wider.Our actions have an impact we may never even see. Peace by practice Rather than find yourself immobilised bythe scale of the worlds problems, look around you. Even when a problem is right under your nose, it is easyto ignore it we curse fate, blame tradition or sayits Gods will. But you will not have to search far before you find people who are hungry, lonely, downtrodden, persecuted sometimes we just need a reason to reach out to them. When Nelson Mandela founded The Elders, he invoked the idea of ubuntu that we are human onlythrough the human being of others.What he describes is more than charity, it is a certain outlook or way of life. Byserving others, we actuallyfulfil our own humanity these acti ons are full of faith, a form of prayer. This Mandela Day a dayfor personal, local action let us spend our energies serving our own communities to honour the 67 years Nelson Mandela dedicated to fighting for a better world. (Source - Harvard first team to honour Ela Bhatt (Source http//articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2011-03-14/ahmedabad/28687384_1_ela-bhatt-sewa-honour )BOSTON The prestigiousHarvard Universitywill honor Ela Bhatt, founder of the Self-Employed Womens Association (SEWA), for her life and work that has had a significant impact on society . Bhatt (77), whose trade union has helped over a million women inIndiagain access to opportunities for themselves and their families, will be awarded the Radcliffe Institute Medal by Harvard Universitys Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. She would be presented the medal, awarded annually to individuals who have substantially and positively influenced society, on Radcliffe Day on May 27.Some of the illustrious ago win ners includeToni Morrisonin 2007,Margaret Atwoodin 2003, Billie Jean King in 2002 andAlice Walkerin 1992. The Radcliffe Institute is proud to honor her this year, in which gender in the developing world is one of its dominant themes, the Institute said. liquidator of several prestigious awards, Ela Bhatt founded SEWA in 1972. Conceived as a womens trade union, SEWA has grown into an NGO that offers micro-lending , health and life insurance and child care all overseen by more than a hundred women-run cooperatives.In January 2010, SEWA membership had reached 1. 2 million. Bhatt has been recognised for her long battle for social justice. In November last year, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had honoured Bhatt with the Global Fairness Initiative Award for helping move more than a million poor women in India to a position of dignity and independence. Radcliffe Day is the Institutes annual celebration of women, as well as the alumnae and fellows of Radcliffe College and the Radcliff e Institute.It is traditionally held on the day after Harvards commencement. The Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University is a scholarly community where individuals absorb advanced work across a wide range of academic disciplines, professions and creative arts. Within this loose purpose , the institute sustains a continuing commitment to the study of women, gender and the society. - An exhibition on Ahmadabads forgotten heroine TNNNov 17, 2012, 06. 44AM ISTAHMEDABAD She was respected by lakhs of textile workers and the poor Anasuya Sarabhai(1885-1972), fondly known as Motaben, holds a erratic place in the history of the country. She is best remembered for joining hands withMahatma Gandhiin leading the historic batter of mill workers in Ahmedabad, which eventually led to the founding of the countrys first Textile Labour Association (TLA), in 1920. A 13-day exhibition, starting on Saturday is being held in the city, chronicling Motabens life. It also marks the 40th anniversary of the founding of Sewa ( mercenary(a) Womens Association) as well as the 127th birthday of Anasuya Sarabhai. Her reputation among mill workers, and the love and trust they showed in her leadership, were key to Gandhijis eventual success, says Somanth Bhatt, who conjured up rare pictures of Anasuya for an exhibition at Shantisadan on Mirzapur Road in the walled city. Anasuyabens thoughts and spirit nurtured Gandhis ideologies. This is the first time a labour organization is getting involved in an exhibition for a labour leader, Motaben, says founder of Sewa, Ela Bhatt, who first worked with Motaben in 1955. Shantisadan was where Ansuyaben lived and founded the labour movement. This is a rare oppurtunity to exhibit history in the place where it occured. The unique thing about this exhibition is that it is presented in a way that speaks about Anasuyaben in her own words and photographs, says Bhatt. She further adds, Many would not know this but Motaben was the force behind the major labour laws of our country. In my opinion, Motaben and her contribution to the reedom struggle and labour movement should become part of school textbooks. - Ela Bhat Source http//www. tolerance. org/ military action/ela-bhat) I realized that although eighty percent of women in India are economically active, they are outside the purview of legislation. Elas Story Born in 1933 to a middle class, well-educated family, Ela Bhatt has spent her life fighting for the rights and public assistance of Indias invisible workers. Her grandparents worked with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-violent struggle for Indian Independence from the British. Deeply influenced by Gandhi, Ela has followed his ideals all her life.She has pioneered the idea that people themselves, no matter how poor or uneducated, are able to solve their own problems if they organize together to do so. To help provide this, she founded SEWA, the Self-Employed Womens Association. Called one of the best -if not t he best grassroots programmes for women on the planet, SEWA proved so successful that it has become a model for micro-finance programs in other parts of the world. Ela started as a lawyer with the Textile Labour Association (TLA) in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, a union founded by Gandhi, who had deep respect for Indias textile producers.Working in the womens division, Ela soon found that women were doing many of the labor-intensive tasks needed in textile production, as well as in other fields of work. However, as workers, they were invisible. Out- raged, Ela said, Personally, I dont think there can be any greater injustice to anybody in the world than to have ones work contribution negated Who is the backbone of any economy in the country? Its the poor Yet they are not recorded as workers in the national census. They are described as non-workers Home-based workers are the least visible of all. In the textile industry, contractors give the women cloth pieces which are already cut out to fo rm parts of a garment. The women sew the garments together at home and return them to the contractor. The women have to work fast and for long hours, because they are paid by the piece. Often, young daughters help with the sewing after school. The contractor would pay whatever he wished, often an extremely low rate of 4-5 rupees per day. The women, because they were unorganized, had no way to demand higher rates.Other women workers in the informal sector also had very difficult working conditions and were often exploited. These women included vegetable sellers, rag pickers, bidi rollers (a hand-rolled cigarette), incense makers, cleaners, laborers, cart pullers, and silk and cotton workers. I realized that although eighty percent of women in India are economically active, they are outside the purview of legislation. Ela recognized that these women needed the help that they could get only through organizing together as a large group. To meet that need, she founded SEWA in 1972 to or ganize for better pay and working conditions.SEWA, which today has 250,000 members, helped workers at the lowest level of society become empowered to take control of their lives. It soon became apparent that women workers had a serious problem with money and banking. Even though many of the women worked twelve hours a day or more, they made little money, had no savings, and never had enough capital to improve their conditions. For example, a home- based textile assembler might have to pay high rent on the sewing machine she used. She never had enough money at one time to buy the machine.Even if a woman was able to get a little money together, the money often was not safe at home, where men felt entitled to whatever was in the house. If a women wanted to borrow money to further her business (for example, to buy extra vegetables to sell in the market), she would have to borrow from money lenders at outlandish rates, sometimes 50% per day. Since womens wealth was often in the form of j ewelry, they also got funds through pawning. Because they were largely illiterate, these women were unable to sign their names at a bank and were unfamiliar with banking routines.A male relative would have to sign for them, gaining access to the money. In addition, bankers, who had never dealt with illiterate low-income women, treated them badly. SEWA had a meeting to which 2000 women came and told of their difficulties with the banks. Finally, someone said, Lets start our own bank Others agreed, and the idea was underway. SEWA Bank was registered in 1974 with 4,000 members. When money had to be raised to register the bank, the women, saying, We are poor, but we are so many raised the needed RS. 100,000 within six months.Ela says that the idea that illiterate women cannot be decision-makers in finance is an untrue middle-class notion. A major problem was that the women could not sign their names. How could they be identified at SEWA Bank? SEWA found a way that was so successful it is now used in banks throughout India. Each woman was photographed holding a slate with her bank account number on it. One copy of the photo was in her bank passbook, while another copy was kept at the bank. This definite identification meant that women could now have money in their own names men were no longer part of the process.When a woman joins SEWA Bank, the first step is saving. The woman must save an amount every week, no matter how small. Even if she makes only RS. 4, she is encouraged to save half a rupee. SEWA even provides a locked piggy bank for the purpose, and representatives from sewa come to the womans home to take the savings to the bank. After acquiring the habit of saving, a woman will be allowed to take out a loan. Designed to meet the needs of low-income women, the loans are small with a long payback period, up to 36 months. Ela pioneered the concept of micro-lending, the idea that very small amounts, as small as $5, may be all hat is needed to make a differen ce. Women used the loans for practical purposes buying equipment they had formerly rented, expanding a business, installing indoor plumbing, and paying for childrens education. Over 95% of the loans are repaid on time, a much higher repayment rate than for other banks. SEWA Bank also educates and assists the women through other services, such as day care, maternity protection, and job training. SEWA Bank, which now has over us $3 million in assets, has been so successful that there are now branches in other parts of India, and men have even asked to be included.It is important to realize that all this has been accomplished without any outside financial help whatsoever. The women did it themselves. Most important, the SEWA Bank model, through its concepts of micro-finance, has been used to empower poor women throughout the world. Towards this end, Ela joined with nine other women at the first UN World Conference on Women in Mexico City in 1975 these women shared the belief that the w orlds financial institutions must become accessible to low-income women. Incorporated in 1979, Womens World Banking now has 43 affiliates in 35 countries.Ela Bhatt has served as its chair since 1985. The far-reaching effects of Ela Bhatts work have been recognized internationally through many awards, including the Right Livelihood Award (the alternate Nobel Prize) for Changing the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1984. Formal Economy In India today, only about 11% of workers hold regular jobs with formal employer- employee relationships. These jobs are documented and the workers are protected by whatever laws are available. Informal Economy Nearly 89% of Indias workers are undocumented.Their work in the informal sector is usually not covered by legal protection that may be available to workers in formal sector jobs. They work either on their own, or as piece workers with a contractor or middleman, in relationships that depend on verbal agreement. Home-based Work Part of the informa l economy, this work is done at home, usually by women. She gets raw materials from a contractor or middleman, assembles the finished product, and brings it to the middleman for payment. Often at the mercy of the contractor, she must accept whatever pay he is willing to give.This type of worker is the most invisible in the economy. Macro-Finance Works with the large amounts of money used by banks, governments, stock markets, corporations, and other large institutions. Micro-Finance Micro-finance works with the very small amounts of money actually used by low-income people. It is often the most appropriate way to implement social programs at the grassroots level. Things to Do and Discuss 1 Imagine that you are a poor woman working in Gujarat, India. Construct a family, home, and job for yourself. You may want to consult a book or encyclopedia to get more information.What problems do you think you would have? How would you use a loan from SEWA Bank to improve the lives of yourself and your family? 2 How is womens work considered in your own country? In what ways is it similar or different from the situation in India? Do you think that changes such as SEWA provides would be useful in your country? - Interview with Ela Bhatt Founder of the Self Employed Womens Association (SEWA) A good combination of struggle and constructive work Create, as a strategy, alternative economic organizationsAhmedabad, Gujarat, India Ela Bhatt. word picture by Nic Paget-Clarke. Self-employedvegetable vendors in Ahmedabad. Clickto see a series of photos. Photo by Nic Paget-Clarke. Ela Bhattis the founder of theSelf Employed Womens Association(SEWA) and was SEWAs first general-secretary. Based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, SEWA is the largest single trade union in the country with a membership of 687,000 women. SEWAs members are vegetable and garment vendors, in-home seamstresses, head-loaders, bidi rollers, report card pickers, construction workers, incense stick makers, and agric ultural workers.They come from Indias unorganized sector and organize for their just dues and rights. 96% of all women workers in India are in this sector. Among their achievements is the SEWA Bank whose capital is made up entirely of their own contributions. The SEWA Bank was founded in 1974 by 4,000 women each contributing ten rupees. This interview was conducted August 31, 2003 by Nic Paget-Clarke for In Motion cartridge in Ahmedabad. Also see interview withJayshree VyasManaging Director of SEWA Bank. * The Independence Struggle * Self-employed laborers * A leading role in the womens movement You have to be for something * In Gandhis thinking * Civil disobedience and sit-in strikes * Satyagraha and street vendors * Face-to-face talk * Alternative economic organizations * Cooperatives and trade unions * Full employment and self-reliance social change * The diversity of our society * Literacy education * Democratic determine * To serve * Changes in the garment industry * Globali zation the construction industry * Embroidery and migration * Only because we had an organization * The interests of the local producers * Using the technology * Changing the balance of powerThe Independence Struggle In Motion MagazineWhat made you think you needed to start the organization SEWA? Ela BhattIm a product of the later years of the freedom movement, the independence movement of my country. As we were studying in school and then in college our teachers and everybody around was talking about independence. In the family, also, there was the atmosphere of the independence struggle. My own grandfather, my mothers father, was in the flavour March. He was in jail. My mothers two brothers were in jail. (Editor begun March 12, 1930, the Salt March led by Mohandas (Mahatma) K.Gandhi was a 24-day march from his ashram in Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea to make salt and protest the British ban of an Indians right to make salt. ). When I was studying in college, our teachers asked us t o go the villages and live with the villagers. Mainly against injustice, against poverty. We never had to question how to do it because Gandhiji had shown the way how to go about it and what kind of discipline you have to follow. There I met my husband (